Consistency and variation in the placement of cortical folds: A perspective

Axonal tension contributes to consistent fold placement

“…During gestational weeks 16-27, deep primary folds grow outward rapidly in specific locationsmaintaining some consistency not only between individuals but also across species. 2,3 Following the primary folds, the secondary and tertiary folds emerge during weeks 23-37, 4 with more variation in their location, size, and orientation. 5 Understanding the role of physical forces during the formation of the brain's convoluted surface has been of great interest for decades.…”

“…11,12 However, one limitation of these theories is that, by themselves, they fail to explain the consistency in the location of the primary folds. 1,2 The questions about the conserved locations of primary folds might be answered with the help of another competingand controversial -theory. The axonal tension hypothesis states that axons pull strongly connected regions close together, forming a gyrus, while weakly connected areas drift apart, forming sulci.…”

“…11,12 However, one limitation of these theories is that, by themselves, they fail to explain the consistency in the location of the primary folds. 1,2…”

Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogels with Phototunable Supramolecular Cross-Linking for Spatially Controlled Lymphatic Tube Formation

“…The ECM of a wide variety of biological tissues like skin, muscle, heart, and brain exhibit nonlinear elastic behavior. 4,5 The viscoelastic properties of these tissues enable adaptation to mechanical deformation and underlying processes, such as matrix remodeling. In disease development, the change in matrix viscoelasticity offers a supplementary indicator for use in diagnosis and evaluation.…”

“…Stem cell differentiation and tissue morphogenesis arise from dynamic biophysical cues, offering inspiration for the design of materials for tissue engineering applications. − In native tissues, the biophysical features of the extracellular matrix (ECM) play important roles in maintaining homeostasis. The ECM of a wide variety of biological tissues like skin, muscle, heart, and brain exhibit nonlinear elastic behavior. , The viscoelastic properties of these tissues enable adaptation to mechanical deformation and underlying processes, such as matrix remodeling. In disease development, the change in matrix viscoelasticity offers a supplementary indicator for use in diagnosis and evaluation. , Harnessing viscoelasticity in the construction of biomaterials thus presents a route to mimic the mechanical dynamics of native ECM to enable the biophysical control of processes such as cell spreading, proliferation, migration, and differentiation.…”