Considering Enhancement (and/or Treatment): On the Need to Regard Contingency and Develop Dialectic Evaluation—A Commentary on Singh and Kelleher

Gini, Adriana; Rossi, Justin; Giordano, James

doi:10.1080/21507740903504392

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 5 publications

(3 reference statements)

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“…[ 83 ] This is not merely semantics; rather, terms and definitions used and their meanings employed in medical, social, and legal contexts are important to establishing standards and guidelines that can influence, if not direct, research agenda and the relative view and value of research outcomes for translational use in practice. [ 84 85 86 ]…”

Section: Hormesis and Preconditioning: A Role In Neuroprotectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of hormesis in the functional performance and protection of neural systems

Calabrese

Giordano

2017

Brain Circ

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Section: Hormesis and Preconditioning: A Role In Neuroprotectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of hormesis in the functional performance and protection of neural systems

Calabrese

Giordano

2017

Brain Circ

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“…The issue of health care was mentioned in n = 16 articles. One article linked the “increasing demand for a competitive ‘edge’ to maximize skill-driven, technologically nested social incentives in which cognitive abilities like memory, attention, alertness, and mood are judged to ‘make a difference’ ” to an increase in value and public acceptance which in turn is seen to lead to a “progressive desire for ‘neuroenhancement’ among the young” [ 76 ]. This dynamics is seen to require an exchange of views “among researchers, healthcare practitioners, ethicists, the public, and those who inﬂuence and enact guidelines and policies” [ 76 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One article linked the “increasing demand for a competitive ‘edge’ to maximize skill-driven, technologically nested social incentives in which cognitive abilities like memory, attention, alertness, and mood are judged to ‘make a difference’ ” to an increase in value and public acceptance which in turn is seen to lead to a “progressive desire for ‘neuroenhancement’ among the young” [ 76 ]. This dynamics is seen to require an exchange of views “among researchers, healthcare practitioners, ethicists, the public, and those who inﬂuence and enact guidelines and policies” [ 76 ]. Another article highlights that various people, visible in the neuroenhancement discourse, have labeled neuroenhancement as legitimate health care [ 77 ]; another recommended that “health care systems and pharmacies should institute systems to monitor the quantity and location of requests for neuroenhancers to avoid abuse and monitor total dosage” [ 78 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging Therapeutic Enhancement Enabling Health Technologies and Their Discourses: What Is Discussed within the Health Domain?

et al. 2013

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So far, the very meaning of health and therefore, treatment and rehabilitation is benchmarked to the normal or species-typical body. We expect certain abilities in members of a species; we expect humans to walk but not to fly, but a bird we expect to fly. However, increasingly therapeutic interventions have the potential to give recipients beyond species-typical body related abilities (therapeutic enhancements, TE). We believe that the perfect storm of TE, the shift in ability expectations toward beyond species-typical body abilities, and the increasing desire of health consumers to shape the health system will increasingly influence various aspects of health care practice, policy, and scholarship. We employed qualitative and quantitative methods to investigate among others how human enhancement, neuro/cognitive enhancement, brain machine interfaces, and social robot discourses cover (a) healthcare, healthcare policy, and healthcare ethics, (b) disability and (c) health consumers and how visible various assessment fields are within Neuro/Cogno/Human enhancement and within the BMI and social robotics discourse. We found that health care, as such, is little discussed, as are health care policy and ethics; that the term consumers (but not health consumers) is used; that technology, impact and needs assessment is absent; and that the imagery of disabled people is primarily a medical one. We submit that now, at this early stage, is the time to gain a good understanding of what drives the push for the enhancement agenda and enhancement-enabling devices, and the dynamics around acceptance and diffusion of therapeutic enhancements.

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“…A second set of examples arise from our earlier discussion of the cultural relativism inherent to the precise identification of cognitive improvements. Medicine’s due caution with clinical application, watching carefully for deleterious health and lifestyle side-effects, relies upon cultural consensus about what constitutes “normal” performance in daily life (Gini et al, 2010 ). Those seeking significant enhancements, by contrast, won’t be interested in conforming to cultural norms about ordinary performance, and medicine may not be able to restrain them.…”

Section: Enhancement In Public Contextsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive enhancement kept within contexts: neuroethics and informed public policy

Shook

Galvagni

Giordano

2014

Front. Syst. Neurosci.

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Neurothics has far greater responsibilities than merely noting potential human enhancements arriving from novel brain-centered biotechnologies and tracking their implications for ethics and civic life. Neuroethics must utilize the best cognitive and neuroscientific knowledge to shape incisive discussions about what could possibly count as enhancement in the first place, and what should count as genuinely “cognitive” enhancement. Where cognitive processing and the mental life is concerned, the lived context of psychological performance is paramount. Starting with an enhancement to the mental abilities of an individual, only performances on real-world exercises can determine what has actually been cognitively improved. And what can concretely counts as some specific sort of cognitive improvement is largely determined by the classificatory frameworks of cultures, not brain scans or laboratory experiments. Additionally, where the public must ultimately evaluate and judge the worthiness of individual performance enhancements, we mustn’t presume that public approval towards enhancers will somehow automatically arrive without due regard to civic ideals such as the common good or social justice. In the absence of any nuanced appreciation for the control which performance contexts and public contexts exert over what “cognitive” enhancements could actually be, enthusiastic promoters of cognitive enhancement can all too easily depict safe and effective brain modifications as surely good for us and for society. These enthusiasts are not unaware of oft-heard observations about serious hurdles for reliable enhancement from neurophysiological modifications. Yet those observations are far more common than penetrating investigations into the implications to those hurdles for a sound public understanding of cognitive enhancement, and a wise policy review over cognitive enhancement. We offer some crucial recommendations for undertaking such investigations, so that cognitive enhancers that truly deserve public approval can be better identified.

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Considering Enhancement (and/or Treatment): On the Need to Regard Contingency and Develop Dialectic Evaluation—A Commentary on Singh and Kelleher

Cited by 9 publications

References 5 publications

The role of hormesis in the functional performance and protection of neural systems

The role of hormesis in the functional performance and protection of neural systems

Emerging Therapeutic Enhancement Enabling Health Technologies and Their Discourses: What Is Discussed within the Health Domain?

Cognitive enhancement kept within contexts: neuroethics and informed public policy

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