Considerations for design of source apportionment studies

Abstract

should be collected in a way that simulates changes that would normally occur before they reach distant receptors (e.g., by diluting and cooling the particles 2 from hot sources). It is recommended that particulate samples be routinely collected in two size fractions by use of virtual impactors, and that all samples be subjected, at a minimum, to mass and X-ray fluorescence analyses.Additional measurements are suggested for obtaining more detailed information: neutron 4Ctivation analysis; X-ray diffraction; automated particle classification by electron microscopy; analyses for classes of organic species, 14 C, and thermally released carbonaceous species; and real-time observation of several gases during sample collection. Methods for collecting meteorological data in parallel with ambient samples are described, as are methods for incorporating such data into the source identification process.

Evaluation of cytokine expression in BEAS cells exposed to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) from specialized indoor environments

“…Due to numerous sources, particulate matter can contain hundreds of different organic and inorganic chemical elements (Gordon et al 1984; Meszaros et al 1997). Fine particles can contain sulfates, ammonium, nitrates, elemental carbon and heavy metals such as selenium, cadmium and zinc.…”

Characterization of Atmospheric Aerosol in the Northern Foot of Mt. Fuji, Central Japan

“…Also, as already well known, in the urban area, in general, finer particles (PM2.5) mainly derived from anthropogenic sources dominate in most samples (e.g. Gordon et al, 1984;Mizohata et al, 1986;Lee and Kang, 2001;Querol et al, 2001a,b;Iwatsuki, 2000, 2002;Gao et al, 2002;Manoli et al, 2002;Saitoh et al, 2003). In contrast with these general characteristics in recent air pollution, the behavior of ambient aerosol in the northern foot of Mt.…”

“…This feature differs widely from urban aerosol which is a generally black color (e.g. Gordon et al, 1984;Mizohata et al, 1986 and references therein; Iwatsuki, 2000, 2002) suggesting the existence of elemental (black) carbon. Simply judging from only this point, it can be presumed that contribution of anthropogenic materials to the northern foot of Mt.…”

“…The many measurements of atmospheric soil particles have been carried out in urban, residential, rural, ocean areas and so on (e.g. Kadowaki, 1979;Duce et al, 1980;Uematsu et al, 1983;Gordon et al, 1984;Blank et al, 1985;Nishikawa et al, 1991;Leinen et al, 1994;Merrill et al, 1994;Iwatsuki, 2000, 2002, etc.). The background geologies in these areas are mainly composed of plutonics, andesites, sediments and so on.…”

Source Characterization and Apportionment of PM10 in Panzhihua, China

“…Samples were collected from fly ash storage piles, dust precipitators, and briquette-burning residuals (residential coal combustion) by grab sampling. Other industrial dust samples were collected with corresponding source sampling methods (Gordon et al, 1984;Chow et al, 1988;Ahuja et al, 1989;Hildemann et al, 1989). Detailed descriptions of major sources are summarized in Table 2.…”