Considerations for application of biopharmaceutics classification system in chicken: Exemplified by seven drugs classification

Abstract

Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) has gained broad acceptance in promoting the development of human drugs. To date, the applicability of existing human BCS criteria has not been evaluated in chickens. The objective of this study was to discuss the feasibility of BCS extrapolation between species and establish a preliminary chicken BCS by classifying seven veterinary commonly used drugs including metronidazole, amoxicillin, sulfamethoxazole, sulfadiazine, ciprofloxacin hydrochloride, doxycycline hydrochloride, and trimethoprim. Firstly, we finished the determination of physiological parameters affecting solubility in chickens, including body temperature, gastrointestinal pH, and the fluid volume in the gastrointestinal tract (GI), and the drug is considered highly soluble in chicken BCS when the highest dose strength is soluble in 20.40 ml (fed) or 6.73 ml (fasted) over the pH range of 1–8 at 41°C. Drug solubility classification was based on dose number calculation. Metronidazol and amoxicillin were classed differently under fed and fasted conditions. Secondly, we discussed the effect of ABC transporters (MDCK vs. MDCK‐chAbcb1/Abcg2) and pH (5.5 vs. 7.4) on drug permeability and classification. The drug is classified as highly permeable when its permeability is equal to or greater than metoprolol tartrate. Though ABC transporters and pH significantly affected the permeability values of drugs (p < .05), the permeability classification of the drugs has not been changed except for sulfamethoxazole. This work highlights some of the significant challenges that would be encountered in order to develop a chicken BCS, this valuable information could serve as a helpful tool during chicken drugs development and to minimize the potential risks when developing formulations.