Consideration of the genus Ginkgoites Seward and a redescription of two species from the Lower Cretaceous of Germany

Watson, Joan; Lydon, Susannah J.; Harrison, Nicola A.

doi:10.1006/cres.1999.0178

Cited by 22 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Jurassic records in southern South America of Ginkgoites or other ginkgoalean foliage types have not been found to date, as a result of either preservation or taphonomy; this is in marked contrast to the abundant and well-preserved forms of the same age that have been recovered from the northern latitudes (Watson et al 1999;Guignard and Zhou 2005;Yang et al 2008;Nosova et al 2011).…”

Section: Leaf Cuticle Anatomy and The Ultrastructure Of Ginkgoites Timentioning

confidence: 90%

Leaf Cuticle Anatomy and the Ultrastructure ofGinkgoites ticoensisArchang. from the Aptian of Patagonia

Fueyo

Guignard

Seoane

et al. 2013

International Journal of Plant Sciences

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JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.. The leaf cuticle of the Ginkgoites ticoensis Archang. type material from the Aptian Anfiteatro de Ticó Formation in Patagonia, Argentina, is fully characterized with additional scanning and transmission electron microscopic observations. Many new anatomical and ultrastructural cuticular features are identified in the four-lobed leaf of G. ticoensis: the leaf shows a hypostomatic and papillate laminae, straight and pitted anticlinal and granulate periclinal walls, actinocytic stomata with between five and seven papillate, striate subsidiary cells, and guard cells with anticlinal smooth walls. The TEM studies on ordinary epidermal cells, papillae, subsidiary cells, and guard cells reveal general ultrastructural features of Ginkgoaceae: an outer polylamellate layer A made with A1 and a granular inner layer A2; A1 with an upper part A1U with continuous and straight translucent lamellae; a lower part A1L with significantly disrupted and waving translucent lamellae; and the fibrillar cuticular layer B1 as the innermost part. Ten ultrastructural characters are detailed and ranked by the use of confidence intervals based on 30 statistical measurements. A threedimensional reconstruction of the cuticle is also provided. Because of the anatomical and ultrastructural fine details shown in the G. ticoensis cuticle, new elements are given to suggest its probable family affinity and to enhance the specificities of Ginkgo and Ginkgoites.

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Section: Leaf Cuticle Anatomy and The Ultrastructure Of Ginkgoites Timentioning

confidence: 90%

Leaf Cuticle Anatomy and the Ultrastructure ofGinkgoites ticoensisArchang. from the Aptian of Patagonia

Fueyo

Guignard

Seoane

et al. 2013

International Journal of Plant Sciences

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“…We assigned the leaf to the fossil morphogenus Ginkgoites because of its clearly ginkgoalean affinity, based on its unmistakable morphology and shape, and because the vegetative material is sparse and fragmentary (one specimen only). We hereby follow Watson et al (1999), Ash (2010), and Villar de Seoane et al (2015). However, we refrain from formally introducing a new species because epidermal anatomy, which is a feature necessary to clearly identify ginkgoalean species and to separate Ginkgo from Ginkgoites, and fertile organs are unavailable so far.…”

Section: Genus-ginkgoites Sewardmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Florin (1936a) extended this to include epidermal and morphological anatomical characteristics: "Fossil Ginkgo-like leaves, in which epidermal anatomy or major anatomical characters are unknown or considerably different to leaves of modernday Ginkgo biloba, are assigned to Ginkgoites" (p. 105). Watson et al (1999) recommended, after careful reconsideration of the history of the fluctuating nomenclature of ginkgoalean leaves, a "return to the use of Ginkgoites Seward" (p. 721) for sparse and /or fragmentary vegetative material that is clearly of ginkgoalean affinity. A similar approach was deployed by Ash (2010) and Villar de Seoane et al (2015).…”

Section: Genus-ginkgoites Sewardmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They were thriving on Svalbard in changing abundance but had their distribution and abundance heyday during the Lower Cretaceous (e.g., Heer 1876b; Nathorst 1897; C. Pott, unpublished data). Even if only four species were recorded in the genera Ginkgoites Seward, Pseudotorellia Florin, and Sphenobaiera Florin, they were widely distributed, represented by a relatively high abundance of fossils, comparable with other floras from the Early Cretaceous (e.g., Florin 1936a, 1936bSamylina 1956aSamylina , 1956bWatson et al 1999;Pott et al 2014). Earlier, during the Late Triassic, abundance and diversity were much lower, with three species in two genera (Arberophyllum Doweld and Ginkgoites), represented by a moderate number of fossils from all over Svalbard (Pott 2014b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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New Ginkgophytes from the Upper Triassic–Lower Cretaceous of Spitsbergen and Edgeøya (Svalbard, Arctic Norway): The History of Ginkgoales on Svalbard

Pott

Burgh²,

Cittert

2016

International Journal of Plant Sciences

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Editor: Patrick S. Herendeen Premise of research. During the ongoing investigation of Upper Triassic-Lower Cretaceous plant macrofossils from Svalbard, Norway, some ginkgoalean leaf fossils were found from Carnian and Aptian deposits of Spitsbergen and Edgeøya that represent new ginkgophyte species. One new species is described as Baiera aquilonia sp. nov., and one ginkgophyte leaf is assigned to Ginkgoites sp. Along with the description of the new material, an overview of the presence and distribution of ginkgophytes in the high-latitude ecosystems of Svalbard through time is provided.Methodology. The plant macrofossils have been analyzed with transmitted-light and epifluorescence microscopy. Attempts to isolate cuticles were made.Pivotal results. The investigation resulted in the description of one species new to science, Baiera aquilonia sp. nov., and one specimen assigned to Ginkgoites sp. The presence of ginkgophytes on Svalbard changed significantly through time: periods of dominance and wide distribution interchanged with periods of very low diversity and abundance.Conclusions. Ginkgophytes were thriving in Svalbard, which was already located above 607N by the Carnian, from the Late Triassic to the Cenozoic in varying abundance and were finally extirpated, probably as a result of dramatic climatic changes at the end of the Paleogene.

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“…Since most ginkgoalean fossils are vegetative organs, especially leaves that exhibit considerable heterogeneity and morphological variation, it is always difficult to know what kinds of reproductive structures they are really related with (Zhou 1997). For instance, although a large number of Ginkgo fossils have been reported, most were based solely on leaves, and there have been diverse opinions about their identification (Seward 1919;Harris 1935;Florin 1936a,b;Harris et al 1974;Zhou and Zhang 1989;Czier 1998;Watson et al 1999). We therefore referred only species of vegetative organs of which their reproductive organs are known, to natural genera here, while those whose reproductive organs are unknown are transferred to morphogenera (form genera), e.g.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The rise of ginkgoalean plants in the early Mesozoic: a data analysis

Zhou

2006

Geological Journal

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In the present article, ginkgoalean fossil records are analysed and the data are incorporated into a sketched, 'epoch-by-epoch' framework (e.g. late Triassic, early Jurassic), based on the latest biostratigraphical evidence and the recent progress made mainly on the reproductive organs. The analyses revealed that a steep increase in diversity occurred from the middle Triassic onwards and during the late Triassic ginkgoaleans were at the zenith of diversity. In the late Triassic, almost all known ginkgoalean families simultaneously occurred. The diversity of vegetative organs increased rapidly, forming a high peak in the number of genera (8 in China and 12 in the world). In the late Triassic, in marked contrast to the absence of any record in the middle Triassic, there occurred the most diversified ginkgoalean reproductive structures so far known in the geological record. The emergence of a large number of new genera also supports an early Mesozoic, notably a late Triassic radiation of ginkgoaleans. In China, Ginkgo was recorded firstly in the late Triassic, and the commonest morphogenera Ginkgoites, Baiera and Sphenobaiera drastically increased in specific (or morphotypic) diversity from the late Triassic onwards accompanied by very high origination rates of 88.8, 100 and 91.7%, respectively. The major morphological innovations of vegetative organs accomplished in the middle to late Triassic are the appearance of dwarf shoots and the differentiation of leaves into lamina and petiole. Since then, the reduction of pedicels and number of ovules, and the increase in size of ovules became dominant. Further morphological innovations and diversification of ginkgoalean ovule organs include the fused or adnate ovule/bract, and the collared or winged ovules. In China, ginkgoaleans also started expanding rapidly in geographical distribution from the middle Triassic to the late Triassic. The fossil localities of Ginkgo increased from zero to three, Ginkgoites from one to 12, Baiera zero to 27 and Sphenobaiera three to 20 counties.The replacement of the warm-hot, nearly uniform climate with long growing season in the late Palaeozoic by the seasonal climate in the early Mesozoic of Eurasia was probably the main cause of a marked reduction of both vegetative and reproductive organs of ginkgoaleans. The latest Triassic plate movement and sea-level change that resulted in considerable habitat heterogeneity might also facilitate an increase in taxon and morphology diversity of this present-day relictual plant group.

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Consideration of the genus Ginkgoites Seward and a redescription of two species from the Lower Cretaceous of Germany

Cited by 22 publications

References 7 publications

Leaf Cuticle Anatomy and the Ultrastructure ofGinkgoites ticoensisArchang. from the Aptian of Patagonia

Leaf Cuticle Anatomy and the Ultrastructure ofGinkgoites ticoensisArchang. from the Aptian of Patagonia

New Ginkgophytes from the Upper Triassic–Lower Cretaceous of Spitsbergen and Edgeøya (Svalbard, Arctic Norway): The History of Ginkgoales on Svalbard

The rise of ginkgoalean plants in the early Mesozoic: a data analysis

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