Conserved ancestral tropical niche but different continental histories explain the latitudinal diversity gradient in brush-footed butterflies

Chazot, Nicolas; Condamine, Fabien L.; Dudas, Gytis; Peña, Carlos; Kodandaramaiah, Ullasa; Matos‐Maraví, Pável; Aduse‐Poku, Kwaku; Élias, Marianne; Warren, Andrew; Lohman, David J.; Penz, Carla M.; DeVries, Philip J.; Fric, Zdeněk Faltýnek; Nylin, Sören; Müller, Chris; Kawahara, Akito Y.; Silva-Brandão, Karina Lucas; Lamas, Gerardo; Klečková, Irena; Zubek, Anna; Ortiz-Acevedo, Elena; Vila, Roger; Vane‐Wright, R. I.; Mullen, Sean P.; Jiggins, Chris D.; Wheat, Christopher W.; Freitas, André Victor Lucci; Wahlberg, Niklas

doi:10.1038/s41467-021-25906-8

Cited by 42 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 75 publications

(89 reference statements)

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“…We document similar patterns for the distribution of butterfly genera and subfamilies (see Supporting Information Figure S1.3), suggesting that tropical regions of the world potentially also harbour a higher phylogenetic diversity. Thus, together with the ancestral range reconstructions for the two oldest families of the Papilionidae (Chazot et al., 2021; Condamine et al., 2012), our results support the notion that constraints to the evolution of adaptations to temperate climates have shaped the contemporary species richness of butterflies. However, until comprehensive phylogenetic data and higher‐resolution geographical distribution data are available, the importance of tropical niche conservatism for shaping the latitudinal gradient in the diversity of butterflies remains unassessed.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 85%

“…To our knowledge, global diversity patterns have thus far only been assessed for 203 swallowtail butterflies (Condamine et al, 2012) or at the scale of biogeographical realms (Chazot et al, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Earl et al, 2020; Hawkins, 2010), the lack of harmonized and comprehensive regional species lists or expert maps addressing all species of this group means that a globally contiguous assessment of butterfly distributions to this date is lacking. To our knowledge, global diversity patterns have thus far only been assessed for 203 swallowtail butterflies (Condamine et al., 2012) or at the scale of biogeographical realms (Chazot et al., 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Global geographical and latitudinal variation in butterfly species richness captured through a comprehensive country‐level occurrence database

Pinkert

Barve

Guralnick

et al. 2022

Global Ecol Biogeogr

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Motivation: Insects provide vital ecological functions and account for over half of all described species. An at least basic understanding of their geographical distributions is key for addressing a range of central ecological and evolutionary questions and to inform conservation. However, even for popular groups, such as butterflies, the knowledge of species' distributions at global scale remains highly incomplete. To address this information gap, we present a data product of comprehensive country-level occurrences for the 19,327 accepted species of extant butterflies. This compilation is based on a quality-controlled combination of 165 literature sources and publicly available occurrence records from Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), harmonized to a global master taxonomy, and constitutes 159,659 (87,506 unique) species-country combinations. We developed a protocol for the integration of country-level information from literature into the process of cleaning/validating species point occurrence records that facilitates dynamic updates of these country-level checklist data. Such occurrence records are available for less than 54% of the species, with an apparent bias towards temperate regions and taxa. We use this combined database for a global assessment of the geographical variation in the diversity of butterflies, including an analysis of latitudinal gradients in the species richness-the first undertaken at this higher resolution. Country-level richness decreases from the equator to the poles, both with and without control for country sizes. The presented data and analyses highlight the potential of leveraging multiple types of distribution information, particularly for taxa with limited data and their incorporation in ecological and conservation analysis. Our database and associated workflows provide a basis for an improved biogeographical understanding and conservation of insect biodiversity. Main types of variables contained:Country-level occurrences and their sources.Spatial location and grain: Global, 256 countries.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Global geographical and latitudinal variation in butterfly species richness captured through a comprehensive country‐level occurrence database

Pinkert

Barve

Guralnick

et al. 2022

Global Ecol Biogeogr

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show abstract

“…Our knowledge of insect evolution remains strongly impeded by both the scale of their diversity and the difficulty to generate accurate and robust spatial and evolutionary frameworks based on comprehensive coverage. Currently, only a few densely sampled and time-calibrated phylogenies have been generated in diverse groups of insects, bringing insights into the origins of observed diversity patterns such as the latitudinal diversity gradient (e.g., Condamine et al 2012, Chazot et al 2021 for butterflies; Economo et al 2018 for ants), or the influence of life-history traits on diversification dynamics (Sota et al 2022). We believe that the Saturniidae family, as one of the best-documented family of insects with global distribution and high species-richness, represents a new promising model to further investigate the mechanisms driving diversification in insects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenomics Illuminates the Evolutionary History of Wild Silkmoths in Space and Time (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)

Rougerie

Cruaud

Arnal

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Wild silkmoths (Saturniidae) are one of the most emblematic and most studied families of moths. Yet, the absence of a robust phylogenetic framework based on a comprehensive taxonomic sampling impedes our understanding of their evolutionary history. We analyzed 1,024 ultraconserved elements (UCEs) and their flanking regions to infer the relationships among 338 species of Saturniidae representing all described subfamilies, tribes, and genera. We investigated systematic biases in genomic data and performed dating and historical biogeographic analyses to reconstruct the evolutionary history of wild silkmoths in space and time. Using Gene Genealogy Interrogation, we showed that saturation of nucleotide sequence data blurred our understanding of early divergences and first biogeographic events. Our analyses support a Neotropical origin of saturniids, shortly after the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event (ca 64.0 [stem] - 52.0 [crown] Ma), and two independent colonization events of the Old World during the Eocene, presumably through the Bering Land Bridge. Early divergences strongly shaped the distribution of extant subfamilies as they showed very limited mobility across biogeographical regions, except for Saturniinae, a subfamily now present on all continents but Antarctica. Overall, our results provide a framework for in-depth investigations into the spatial and temporal dynamics of all saturniid lineages and for the integration of their evolutionary history into further global studies of biodiversity and conservation. Rather unexpectedly for a taxonomically well-known family such as Saturniidae, the proper alignment of taxonomic divisions and ranks with our phylogenetic results leads us to propose substantial rearrangements of the family classification, including the description of one new subfamily and two new tribes.

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“…Other priors were left as default. As fossil records have not been identified for the genus Erebia , we used secondary calibrations from the comprehensive, fossil-based Nymphalidae chronogram (Chazot et al 2021):…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climatic niche conservatism and ecological diversification in the Holarctic cold-dwelling butterfly genusErebia

Klečková

Klečka

Fric

et al. 2022

Preprint

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The evolution and distribution of alpine species have been modulated by their climatic niches. However, the relative roles of climatic niche conservatism promoting geographical speciation and of climatic niche diversification are poorly understood in diverse temperate groups. Here, we describe the evolution of climatic niche in a species rich butterfly genus, Erebia, which occurs across cold regions of the Holarctic and its diversity centre lies in European mountains. We inferred a nearly complete molecular phylogeny and modelled the climatic niche evolution using 25 thousand geo-referenced occurrence records. First, we reconstructed the evolution of the climatic niche. Second, we tested how the species' climatic niche width changes across the occupied climate gradient and compared the two main Erebia clades, the European and the Asian clade. Third, we explored climatic niche overlaps among species. We revealed that the evolution of Erebia has been shaped by climatic niche conservatism, supported by a strong phylogenetic signal and niche overlap in sister species, promoting allopatric speciation and by ecological speciation driven by specialization of climatic niches. However, the two main clades evolved their climatic niches toward different local optima. In addition, niche width decreases in extreme conditions of low and high temperatures and species in the diverse European clade have narrower niches compared to the Asian clade. This may be related to the gradient of climate seasonality, with lower European seasonality favouring the evolution of narrower niches. Our findings, coupled with declining diversification rates through time, support a diversity-dependent radiation scenario.

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Conserved ancestral tropical niche but different continental histories explain the latitudinal diversity gradient in brush-footed butterflies

Cited by 42 publications

References 75 publications

Global geographical and latitudinal variation in butterfly species richness captured through a comprehensive country‐level occurrence database

Global geographical and latitudinal variation in butterfly species richness captured through a comprehensive country‐level occurrence database

Phylogenomics Illuminates the Evolutionary History of Wild Silkmoths in Space and Time (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)

Climatic niche conservatism and ecological diversification in the Holarctic cold-dwelling butterfly genusErebia

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