Conservativeness of the SAM Phantom for the SAR Evaluation in the Child's Head

Monebhurrun, Vikass

doi:10.1109/tmag.2010.2044153

Cited by 16 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Mas, como medir o campo elétrico no interior de seres humanos vivos? Uma resposta a esta questão é dada através dos resultados de pesquisas que utilizaram simulações numéricas computacionais, com phantom SAM (Manequim Antropomórfico Específico) de formato e propriedades dielétricas (permissividade, permeabilidade e condutividade) semelhantes aos de humanos vivos (Monebhurrun, 2009;Monebhurrun et al, 2009;Qi et al, 2008). Estas propriedades dielétricas são dependentes, dentre outros fatores, da frequência, e permitem caracterizar o material para todo o espectro eletromagnético.…”

Section: Taxa De Absorção Específicaunclassified

“…Para o modelo do ambiente simulado (usuários ativos e passivos) pode-se considerar que o diagrama de irradiação do monopolo de λ/8, λ/4 e da antena patch apresentam a mesma distribuição espacial de campo na região exterior da cabeça (Salles et al, 2003 O objetivo deste trabalho não é investigar a SAR em vários modelos da cabeça humana. Trabalhos relacionando vários outros tipos de modelos da cabeça foram desenvolvidos por (Beard et al, 2006;Cocherova et al, 2008;Fernández Rodrigues, 2001;Ismail e Jenu, 2007;Monebhurrun et al, 2002;Monebhurrun, 2009 (Costa and Fontgalland, 2009). …”

Section: Propriedades Dielétricas E Modelo Da Cabeça Humanaunclassified

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Cálculo da SAR na cabeça produzida por telefones celulares dispostos assimetricamente

Costa¹,

Fontgalland²

2011

RBEB

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Section: Taxa De Absorção Específicaunclassified

Section: Propriedades Dielétricas E Modelo Da Cabeça Humanaunclassified

Cálculo da SAR na cabeça produzida por telefones celulares dispostos assimetricamente

Costa¹,

Fontgalland²

2011

RBEB

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“…Since then, many articles have reported that the SAM generally provides a conservative estimate of the peak spatial SAR averaged over a 1 or 10 g mass compared to human heads . Most of these studies used phone models with an antenna source on top of the phone body in the form of a dipole, an external whip, an external helix, or an internal planar‐inverted F antenna (PIFA), a generic phone with a monopole antenna on the metallic plane , a half‐wavelength dipole antenna, a quarter‐wavelength monopole antenna mounted over a metallic box, a PIFA built on the top part of a phone body , a generic phone and a PIFA built on the top part of a phone body , and three phone models equipped with an antenna on the top and two models equipped with an antenna at the bottom . The latter two models of are bar types, one of which has a flipped upside‐down orientation of the top antenna model.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is the SAM phantom conservative for SAR evaluation of all phone designs?

2019

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The specific anthropomorphic mannequin (SAM) phantom was designed to provide a conservative estimation of the actual peak spatial specific absorption rate (SAR) of the electromagnetic field radiated from mobile phones. However, most researches on the SAM phantom have been based on early phone models. Therefore, we numerically analyze the SAM phantom to determine whether it is sufficiently conservative for various types of mobile phone models. The peak spatial 1‐ and 10‐g averaged SAR values of the SAM phantom are numerically compared with those of four anatomical head models at different ages for 12 different mobile phone models (a total of 240 different configurations of mobile phones, head models, frequencies, positions, and sides of the head). The results demonstrate that the SAM phantom provides a conservative estimation of the SAR for only mobile phones with an antenna on top of the phone body and does not ensure such estimation for other types of phones, including those equipped with integrated antennas in the microphone position, which currently occupy the largest market share.

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“…Proportional [Nagaoka et al, ] or non‐proportional [Wang and Fujiwara, ; Hadjem et al, ; Beard et al, ; Monebhurrun, ] scaling of adult models into an infant model is technically feasible. However, significant physical and anatomical differences exist between infants and adults.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Generation of infant anatomical models for evaluating electromagnetic field exposures

Chen

Yang

et al. 2014

Bioelectromagnetics

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Realistic anatomical modeling is essential in analyzing human exposure to electromagnetic fields. Infants have significant physical and anatomical differences compared with other age groups. However, few realistic infant models are available. In this work, we developed one 12-month-old male whole body model and one 17-month-old male head model from magnetic resonance images. The whole body and head models contained 28 and 30 tissues, respectively, at spatial resolution of 1 mm × 1 mm × 1 mm. Fewer identified tissues in the whole body model were a result of the low original image quality induced by the fast imaging sequence. The anatomical and physical parameters of the models were validated against findings in published literature (e.g., a maximum deviation as 18% in tissue mass was observed compared with the data from International Commission on Radiological Protection). Several typical exposure scenarios were realized for numerical simulation. Dosimetric comparison with various adult and child anatomical models was conducted. Significant differences in the physical and anatomical features between adult and child models demonstrated the importance of creating realistic infant models. Current safety guidelines for infant exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields may not be conservative.

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Conservativeness of the SAM Phantom for the SAR Evaluation in the Child's Head

Cited by 16 publications

References 4 publications

Cálculo da SAR na cabeça produzida por telefones celulares dispostos assimetricamente

Cálculo da SAR na cabeça produzida por telefones celulares dispostos assimetricamente

Is the SAM phantom conservative for SAR evaluation of all phone designs?

Generation of infant anatomical models for evaluating electromagnetic field exposures

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