Conservation value of an exotic species: the case of coconuts on the Kayapo indigenous lands, south-eastern Amazonia

Salm, Rodolfo; Feder, Lisa; Jardim, Mário Augusto Gonçalves; Hass, Nefertiti; Jalles-Filho, Euphly; Costa, Ana Maria

doi:10.1007/s10668-007-9102-7

Cited by 5 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…We found that, presently, this exotic palm is not important for the subsistence of these Indians, due to coconut scarcity and traditional food pattern, and such importance is not foreseeable without external support (Salm et al 2007). Based on our observations we believe that the scarcity of coconut palm has been a point of differentiation in social status for the families that have them, not for the economic opportunity that comes from selling the fruits on the market (the Kayapó do not sell these fruits, and won't be able to do so in the foreseeable future, due to their geographic isolation) but because of the increased social status for families that have access to a more rare food * .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…In a meeting between FUNAI (the Brazilian Indian National Foundation) and the Kayapó in the Kayapó village of Aukre, in October 2005, Kayapó Indians requested support to increase the culture of coconuts (Cocos nucifera) in their lands (Salm et al 2007). We believe that increasing coconut trees in the vicinity surrounding the villages, the Kayapó would increase the consumption of these fruits, which, when available, they have proven to enjoy a lot.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is unique in that this village has the largest number of adult coconuts, due to a previous provision of dwarf coconut seedlings by Brazilian Indian National Fundation (FUNAI, Fundação Nacional do Índio), totally independent of our coconut project, to supply this new village with a gift of food sources. Such action also resulted in the most equal distribution of coconuts to households per three villages (for a detailed description of these villages see Salm et al 2007). …”

Section: Background On Kayapó Villagesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It would contribute to nutrition and hydration for the indigenous people who defend the land from nonsustainable developers during these years where they are experiencing a population expansion that weighs on their natural resources (Salm et al 2007). We consider the potential that increased production of this species could help to mitigate the negative impact of rapid human population growth in these areas by simultaneously increasing (coconut) tree populations and improving the indigenous nutrition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Planting coconuts in Indian villages: ethnoecological aspects and evaluation of a "sustainable development" project

Salm

Feder²,

Jalles-Filho

et al. 2010

Biota Neotrop.

Self Cite

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Although scientists and policy makers embrace the general concept "sustainable development", there are few who agree on how to carry out sustainable development in specific situations. As such, sustainable development projects among ethnoscientists are widely critiqued as to how well they are inter-culturally formulated. Here we report on a controversial case of planting coconuts in Kayapó Indian villages of southern Pará, Brazil and offer our own self-critique. We began under the premise that reforestation and Kayapó general health/nutrition go hand in hand. Therefore, the flourishing of coconut culture will contribute to forest conservation in the long run, in itself, and simultaneously, maintain good nutrition for the Kayapó people who protect the forest from the threat of non-sustainable practices. We take an ethnoecological approach in discovering how Kayapó behavior affects the growth and flourishing of coconut culture when fostered with external supply. We present the results of two field trips to the Kayapó indigenous territory, where we found socio-ecological factors relevant to the success of our project supporting the culture of coconuts in indigenous villages. First, in November 2007, we visited Kikretum, Moikarakô and Aukre villages (among 10 villages which received coconut seedlings from our support program) to deliver a second shipment of coconut seedlings (the first shipment to these villages took place in April 2006) and quantitatively described one aspect of coconut seed-disperser's (the Kayapó's) behavior. We looked specifically at how the pre-existing coconuts palms were distributed among the Indian families, how they distributed last year's shipment, and how that shipment survived due to ethnoecological factors. Second, in July 2008 we visited Kokraimoro and Pykararankre villages and estimated the position of the previously existing and newly planted coconut palms in relation to other cultivated trees by making use of censuses departing from the village center to their outside limits. In the three Indian villages we visited in 2007, virtually all pre-existing coconut trees belonged to a select few families, and the coconut fruit distribution was, in most cases, highly concentrated among these family members. However, assuming that all the coconut saplings that survived the first year will reach maturity (from the first shipment in April 2006), they represent a remarkable increase in the projected number of adult coconut palms in the three visited villages (48, 195 and 101% in Kikretum, Moikarakô and Aukre, respectively), and a substantial reduction in the inequality in access to coconuts. In the 2008 field trip, we found that the Indians usually plant coconuts very close to their houses where competition with other cultivated trees may hinder the palms development. Resumo: Apesar de cientistas e tomadores de decisão abraçarem o conceito geral de "desenvolvimento sustentável", há pouco acordo sobre como se atingir esta meta em situações específicas. Assim, projetos de desenvolvimen...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Background On Kayapó Villagesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Planting coconuts in Indian villages: ethnoecological aspects and evaluation of a "sustainable development" project

Salm

Feder²,

Jalles-Filho

et al. 2010

Biota Neotrop.

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In the case of plants, only those with a strong capacity for seed dispersal and fast reproduction should pose real threats, and, in contrast to those, introduced coconut palms (Cocos nucifera Linnaeus, 1753) may be seen as a useful tool for the indirect conservation of the protected indigenous lands of Brazil. Those lands are important to the conservation of biodiversity because their inhabitants maintain the integrity of the ecosystems within their respective area, and coconut palms are highly valuable to them as a source of raw material (Salm et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introduction Of Exotic Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deforestation and threats to the biodiversity of Amazonia

Vieira

Toledo

Silva³

et al. 2008

Braz. J. Biol.

110

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This is a review of the main factors currently perceived as threats to the biodiversity of Amazonia. Deforestation and the expansion of the agricultural frontier go hand in hand within the context of occupation and land use in the region, followed by a hasty process of industrialization since the 1950s and, more recently, by a nation-wide attempt to adapt Brazil to economic globalization. Intensive agriculture and cattle-raising, lack of territorial planning, the monoculture of certain crops often promoted by official agencies, and the introduction of exotic species by cultivation are some of the factors affecting Amazonian biodiversity. There are still large gaps in knowledge that need to be dealt with for a better understanding of the local ecosystems so as to allow their preservation, but such investigation is subjected to manifold hindrances by misinformation, disinformation and sheer ignorance from the legal authorities and influential media. Data available for select groups of organisms indicate that the magnitude of the loss and waste of natural resources associated with deforestation is staggering, with estimated numbers of lost birds and primates being over ten times that of such animals illegally commercialized around the world in one year. The challenges to be met for an eventual reversal of this situation demand more systematic and concerted studies, the consolidation of new and existing research groups, and a call for a halt to activities depleting the Amazonian rainforest.Keywords: Amazonia, biodiversity, deforestation. Desmatamento e ameaças à biodiversidade da Amazônia ResumoEste trabalho mostra um panorama dos principais fatores hoje percebidos como ameaças à biodiversidade na Amazônia. O desmatamento e a expansão da fronteira agrícola caminham lado a lado dentro do contexto da ocupação e do uso da terra na região, seguidos de um processo acelerado de industrialização desde a década de 1950 e, mas recentemente, de tentativas em escala nacional para adaptar o Brasil à globalização econômica. Agricultura e pecuária intensiva, a falta de ordenamento territorial, a monocultura de certas espécies e a introdução de espécies exóticas para cultivo são alguns dos fatores que afetam a biodiversidade da Amazônia. Ainda há grandes lacunas de conhecimento que precisam ser resolvidas para o melhor conhecimento dos ecossistemas locais de modo a possibilitar sua preservação, mas essa investigação anda sujeita a inúmeros empecilhos devido à desinformação, contra-informação e pura ignorância das autoridades legais e da mídia influente. Dados disponíveis para alguns grupos de organismos indicam que a magnitude da perda e desperdício de recursos naturais devida ao desmatamento é imensa, com estimativas de números de aves e primatas perdidos da ordem de mais de dez vezes maior que as desses animais comercializados ilegalmente em um ano em todo o mundo. Os desafios necessários a uma eventual reversão desse quadro exigem estudos mais sistemáticos e coordenados, a consolidação de grupos de pesquisa novos e já e...

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Introductions over introductions: the genomic adulteration of an early genetically valuable alien species in the United Kingdom

et al. 2014

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Invasive alien species are a major cause of biodiversity loss. Nevertheless, non-native species can also contribute to conservation objectives. In 1673, the red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa), a galliform native to southwest Europe, was introduced from France (A. r. rufa) into the UK for hunting purposes. Nowadays, hunters constantly supplement natural populations of A. rufa in its native range with stocks of captive-bred individuals. Such birds are usually genetically unscreened, and human-mediated hybridization with the exotic chukar (Alectoris chukar) has undermined genomic integrity of the species. Alectoris rufa in the UK has never been genetically investigated, and birds from East Anglian estates with no modern history of supplementation offer a potential genomic backup for the highly polluted native-range A. r. rufa. We genotyped modern and ancient birds at the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) level to determine present and past kinship between East Anglian and native-range A. rufa. We used Short Tandem Repeats (STR) and Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers to identify A. rufa 9 A. chukar hybrids. The kinship of East Anglian birds with A. r. rufa was confirmed. No A. chukar introgression was found in ancient East Anglian A. rufa. Among modern partridges, we found birds with A. chukar mtDNA, and both STRs and RAPDs disclosed many A. rufa 9 A. chukar hybrids. While the genetic analysis pointed to the increase of diversity and decline of disparity over time within and among A. rufa populations, respectively, the conservation value of the resource historically introduced to the UK proved to have been quashed by three decades of recent releases of A. chukar and its A. rufa hybrids.

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Conservation value of an exotic species: the case of coconuts on the Kayapo indigenous lands, south-eastern Amazonia

Cited by 5 publications

References 23 publications

Planting coconuts in Indian villages: ethnoecological aspects and evaluation of a "sustainable development" project

Planting coconuts in Indian villages: ethnoecological aspects and evaluation of a "sustainable development" project

Deforestation and threats to the biodiversity of Amazonia

Introductions over introductions: the genomic adulteration of an early genetically valuable alien species in the United Kingdom

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