Conservation of Waterlogged Wood—Past, Present and Future Perspectives

Broda, Magdalena; Hill, Callum A. S.

doi:10.3390/f12091193

Cited by 68 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 248 publications

(460 reference statements)

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“…The two oldest samples of subfossil oak aged 4555 and 5890 years had a higher density than younger specimens. The density of the oldest subfossil oak (0.802 g/cm 3 ) was slightly higher than the density of recent oak.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…Figure 7 shows a strong positive linear relationship between the values of subfossil sample density (ρ 12 ) and their age, with correlation coefficient R = 0.876 (R 2 = 0.767). All subfossil oak specimens of age up to 3890 years had similar density values (0.714-0.733 g/cm 3 ) which were significantly lower than the density values of recent oak (0.798 g/cm 3 ). The two oldest samples of subfossil oak aged 4555 and 5890 years had a higher density than younger specimens.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 72%

“…need oxic conditions for their growth. Based on the micromorphological degradation pattern they produce, microorganisms categorized as erosion bacteria are the most common involved in microbiological attack in anaerobic aquatic environments [3]. The wood found and preserved in waterlogged conditions is called abonos, subfossil wood, or bog wood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of Ageing on Abrasion Volume Loss, Density, and Structural Components of Subfossil Oak

et al. 2022

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Subfossil oak wood has spent centuries or millennia in the aquatic medium (rivers, lakes, bogs, etc.) and, due to water anoxic conditions, its decomposition is very slow. As a result of its long residing in specific conditions, its chemical composition, appearance, as well as mechanical and tribological properties have changed. Because of its aesthetic and mechanical properties, subfossil wood is very attractive and often used to produce valuable objects. The main objective of this study was to test how abrasion wear resistance of subfossil oak is affected by ageing. The effects of ageing on wood density and on the structure of lignin and cellulose were tested, as well as the loss of volume during abrasion in correlation with these changes. A study was conducted on samples of recent (regular) pedunculate oak wood and on six subfossil pedunculate oak samples in the age range of 890 and nearly 6000 years. Abrasion wear resistance was expressed through the loss of volume recorded using the Taber abraser. The smallest abrasion volume loss was measured for the recent oak specimens. Linear regression analyses showed that there was a very strong negative linear relationship between the age of subfossil oak and its abrasion volume loss. There was also a strong, but positive and significant linear correlation between subfossil oak age and density. Ageing also affected the structural composition of wood. Results obtained by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy indicated a reduction of the relative crystalline fraction of subfossil wood in recent oak. The degradation of lignin in subfossil oak samples progressed more slowly over time than cellulose degradation. There was a negative correlation between age and the ratio of cellulose and lignin degradation; however, that relationship was found statistically insignificant. Similar results were obtained for the relationship between abrasion wear resistance and changes in the structural composition of the studied samples of subfossil oak wood.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 71%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 72%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of Ageing on Abrasion Volume Loss, Density, and Structural Components of Subfossil Oak

et al. 2022

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“…It is also known that PEG has a plasticising effect on the treated wood [8][9][10][11]. Other chemicals that have been used so far for wood conservation, such as alum salts, carbohydrates, sugar alcohols, proteins, various resins or waxes, are not without drawbacks as well [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. Therefore, the research continues on developing alternative wood consolidants, including those based on natural materials, such as cellulose or lignin derivatives, beeswax, colophony and other natural polymers, or using nanotechnology to create nanocomposites or supramolecular polymer networks [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Viscoelastic Behaviour of Waterlogged Archaeological Wood Treated with Methyltrimethoxysilane

et al. 2021

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Waterlogged wood treatment with methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) proved effective in stabilising wood dimensions upon drying (anti-shrink efficiency of 76–93%). Before the method can be proposed as a reliable conservation treatment, further research is required that includes the evaluation of the mechanical properties of treated wood. The aim of the study was to characterise the effect of the treatment on the viscoelastic behaviour of archaeological waterlogged elm and oak wood differing in the degree of degradation. Dynamic mechanical analysis in the temperature range from −150 to +150 °C was used for the study. To better understand the viscoelastic behaviour of the treated wood, pore structure and moisture properties were also investigated using Scanning Electron Microscopy, nitrogen sorption, and Dynamic Vapour Sorption. The results clearly show that methyltrimethoxysilane not only prevents collapse and distortions of the degraded cell walls and decreases wood hygroscopicity (by more than half for highly degraded wood), but also reinforces the mechanical strength by increasing stiffness and resistance to deformation for heavily degraded wood (with an increase in storage modulus). However, the MTMS also has a plasticising effect on treated wood, as observed in the increased value of loss modulus and introduction of a new tan δ peak). On the one hand, methyltrimethoxysilane reduces wood hygroscopicity that reflects in lower wood moisture content, thus limiting the plasticising effect of water on wood polymers, but on the other hand, as a polymer itself, it contributes to the viscous behaviour of the treated wood. Interestingly, the effect of silane differs with both the wood species and the degree of wood degradation.

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“…There are several different methods for stabilising recovered waterlogged archaeological wooden objects [13]. Older, obsolete treatments, such as the application of alum salts, suffer from severe deterioration [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural Monitoring of a Large Archaeological Wooden Structure in Real Time, Post PEG Treatment

Collett

Bouville

Giuliani

et al. 2021

Forests

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Large archaeological wooden structures are potentially at risk of structural failure through deformation and cracking over time if they are left untreated and their structural health is not maintained. This could be in part due to, for example, the shrinkage of waterlogged wood as it dries, or time-dependent creep processes. These dimensional changes are accompanied by associated stresses. However, there are few studies analysing the movement of large wooden structures in real time as they dry, particularly after their conservation treatment. This paper follows the structural monitoring of the Mary Rose from after the conservation treatment, where it was sprayed with polyethylene glycol, through to the ship’s air-drying process and beyond to assess the effects that drying has had on the displacement of the timbers. A laser-based target system was used to collect displacement data between 2013 and 2020 and the data showed a significant slowing of displacement as the drying reached an equilibrium.

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Conservation of Waterlogged Wood—Past, Present and Future Perspectives

Cited by 68 publications

References 248 publications

Influence of Ageing on Abrasion Volume Loss, Density, and Structural Components of Subfossil Oak

Influence of Ageing on Abrasion Volume Loss, Density, and Structural Components of Subfossil Oak

The Viscoelastic Behaviour of Waterlogged Archaeological Wood Treated with Methyltrimethoxysilane

Structural Monitoring of a Large Archaeological Wooden Structure in Real Time, Post PEG Treatment

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