Conservation of steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein structure and expression in vertebrates

Bauer, Markus; Bridgham, Jamie T.; Langenau, David M.; Johnson, A. L.; Goetz, Frederick W.

doi:10.1016/s0303-7207(00)00316-6

Cited by 116 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…For example, in mammals, StAR mRNA has been detected in human fetal and adult kidney (Sugawara et al 1995a), and in glial and neuronal cells of the cerebellum, hypothalamus and other regions of the human brain (King et al 2002). Using northern blot analysis, Bauer et al (2000) detected StAR mRNA in the head of a teleost (zebrafish), but not in the brain of the chicken; StAR transcripts were also detected in the zebrafish kidney, although this could be due to the inclusion of adrenocortical cells of the head kidney (the interrenal gland of teleosts). StAR expression was detected by northern blot and RT-PCR analysis in rainbow trout pyloric ceca, intestine and spleen in addition to head kidney and gonadal tissue, but only in traditional steroidogenic tissues (head kidney and gonads) in brook trout (Kusakabe et al 2002a).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…hystrix interrenal gland RNA was initially used as template for RT-PCR to obtain cDNA clones encoding freshwater stingray StAR. One-tenth of a P. hystrix interrenal gland RT reaction was added to a total volume of 25 µl containing 1 Advantage 2 reaction buffer (Clontech), 1 mM dNTPs, 20 pmol each sense (5 -GCATGGARGCNATGGGNGAGTGGAA-3 ) and antisense (5 -TYTTNGGCAGCCANCCYTTSAG GTC-3 ) primers (as described in Bauer et al 2000) and 0·5 µl Advantage 2 Polymerase mix (Clontech). PCR thermal parameters were: 95 C for 2 min followed by 35 cycles of 30 s at 95 C, 30 s at 45 C and 30 s at 72 C. Products of this reaction were resolved on a 2% agarose gel in Tris-borate (90 mM), EDTA (2 mM) buffer (TBE) and visualized with ethidium bromide.…”

Section: Isolation Of Freshwater Stingray Star Cdna Sequencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Characterization of the structure and regulation of StAR from fishes will greatly enhance our understanding of the role of steroidogenesis in maintaining homeostasis in these animals. The sequences of cDNA clones encoding teleost forms of StAR have recently been determined and studies of StAR regulation in gonadal and adrenocortical tissues of teleosts have been conducted (Bauer et al 2000, Kusakabe et al 2002b, von Hofsten et al 2002, Li et al 2003, Geslin & Auperin 2004. However, the nature of the teleost head kidney, a tissue composed of adrenocortical as well as several other cell types, complicates the study of steroidogenesis in these fishes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cloning and characterization of cDNAs encoding steroidogenic acute regulatory protein from freshwater stingrays (Potamotrygon spp.)

Nunez¹,

Piermarini²,

Evans³

et al. 2005

Journal of Molecular Endocrinology

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The steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) is critical to the regulated synthesis of steroids in vertebrates. We have isolated cDNA sequences encoding StAR in the freshwater stingrays Potamotrygon hystrix and P. motoro. A single P. hystrix StAR transcript (3376 bp) and two overlapping P. motoro StAR transcripts (1272 and 3365 bp) were isolated. The P. hystrix and P. motoro StAR transcripts contain open reading frames encoding proteins of 284 amino acids that are 99% identical to each other and 56-64% identical to other StAR proteins. Pregnenolone synthesis by green monkey kidney (COS-1) cells transfected with an expression construct encoding a human cholesterol side chain cleavage/adrenodoxin reductase/adrenodoxin fusion protein was increased 16-fold by coexpression with a pCMV5/P. motoro StAR expression construct. Northern blot analysis revealed a single 4000 bp StAR transcript in the P. motoro interrenal gland, but RT-PCR indicates StAR mRNA is also expressed in the brain, gonads, atria, ventricle, gill (female only) and muscle (female only). Expression in extragonadal and extraadrenocortical tissues is an indication that StAR may be critical to processes other than steroidogenesis. The longest P. motoro StAR transcript contains a sequence with great similarity to short interspersed repetitive elements found in other elasmobranchs. This study is the first to isolate and characterize elasmobranch StAR cDNA sequences and to demonstrate the activity of a nonmammalian StAR protein in a heterologous expression system.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Isolation Of Freshwater Stingray Star Cdna Sequencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cloning and characterization of cDNAs encoding steroidogenic acute regulatory protein from freshwater stingrays (Potamotrygon spp.)

Nunez¹,

Piermarini²,

Evans³

et al. 2005

Journal of Molecular Endocrinology

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“…In mammalian systems, therefore, StAR gene transcription , StAR protein levels (Sandhoff et al 1998), and steroidogenesis (Sugawara et al 2000) all increase in response to cAMP, via activation of the PKA intracellular signaling pathway. Current knowledge about StAR in vertebrates is based on mammalian studies, but the protein structure appears to be highly conserved across species (Bauer et al 2000, Kusakabe et al 2002, Goetz et al 2004. StAR cDNA has been previously cloned from rainbow trout, and several regions of the protein showed a high degree of homology with human StAR (Kusakabe et al 2002), especially in the C-terminal region, which contains hydrophobic sites for cholesterol binding (Tsujishita & Hurley 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stress-induced regulation of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein expression in head kidney of Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata)

Castillo¹,

Castellana²,

Acerete³

et al. 2007

Journal of Endocrinology

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Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) transfers cholesterol over the inner mitochondrial membrane. In mammals, StAR controls this rate-limiting step of steroidogenesis, but its expression and regulation has not been well explored in fish. The present work investigates StAR mRNA expression in the head kidney of the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) under different stressors. We have cloned the StAR cDNA (1461 bp) in seabream (accession number EF640987), which has an open reading frame of 861 nucleotides encoding a polypeptide of 286 aa, and displays high sequence identity with StAR of other fish and mammalian counterparts. Seabream StAR transcripts were found to be expressed exclusively in head kidneys and gonads. In fish under acute stress (chased with a net), plasma cortisol levels peaked within 1 h, were still high after 6 h, and decreased after 16 h, although no increases in head kidney StAR expression were observed at any time post-stressor. Fish under chronic high-density stress showed cortisol levels 90-fold higher than controls and StAR mRNA levels increased threefold. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection increased head kidney StAR mRNA levels after 6 h, reached a maximum at 12 h, and decreased until 72 h. When the head kidney cells were incubated in vitro and treated with ACTH or LPS, ACTH induced an increase in StAR expression as expected, but LPS induced a reduction in StAR expression. In conclusion, StAR expression in seabream head kidneys is highly regulated by different stressors.

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“…The interrenal tissue is the major site of steroidogenesis in most teleosts, as is the adrenal cortex in mammals. 14,35 In zebrafish, many steroidogenic genes have been cloned and identified, including side chain cleavage enzyme cyp11a1 (p540scc) 36,37 and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (star), 38 both are known to mediate the rate-limiting steps of steroidogenesis. Cyp11a1 catalyzes the first step of adrenal steroidogenesis, while StAR regulates cholesterol shuttling across the mitochondrial membrane and the acute steroid production.…”

Section: Molecular Interplays Within Interrenal Primordiummentioning

confidence: 99%

Interrenal Organogenesis in the Zebrafish Model

Liu

2007

Organogenesis

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In recent years, many genes that participate in the specification, differentiation and steroidogenesis of the interrenal organ, the teleostean homologue of the adrenal cortex, have been identified and characterized in zebrafish. In-depth studies of these genes have helped to delineate the morphogenetic steps of interrenal organ formation, as well as some of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that govern these processes. The codevelopment of interrenal tissue with the embryonic kidney (pronephros), surrounding endothelium and invading chromaffin cells has been analyzed, by virtue of the amenability of zebrafish embryos to a variety of genetic, developmental and histological approaches. Moreover, zebrafish embryos can be subject to molecular as well as biochemical assays for the unraveling of the transcriptional regulation program underlying interrenal development. To this end, the key mechanisms that control organogenesis and steroidogenesis of the zebrafish interrenal gland have been shown to resemble those in mammals, justifying the future utilization of zebrafish model for discovering novel genes associated with adrenal development and disease.

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Conservation of steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein structure and expression in vertebrates

Cited by 116 publications

References 21 publications

Cloning and characterization of cDNAs encoding steroidogenic acute regulatory protein from freshwater stingrays (Potamotrygon spp.)

Cloning and characterization of cDNAs encoding steroidogenic acute regulatory protein from freshwater stingrays (Potamotrygon spp.)

Stress-induced regulation of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein expression in head kidney of Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata)

Interrenal Organogenesis in the Zebrafish Model

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