“…[36][37][38][39] IGF-IR function is implicated in the hallmarks of cancer -self-sufficiency in growth signals, evasion from apoptosis, tissue invasion and metastasis, as well as angiogenesis. While we used ribozymes in this study, many other approaches have been used to study IGF-IR function including dominantnegative mutants, kinase-defective mutants, antisense oligonucleotides, antisense expression plasmids, IGFbinding proteins, soluble forms of the receptor, antagonistic and/or neutralizing antibodies [40][41][42][43][44] or small molecule kinase inhibitors. 45,46 These studies demonstrated that, in a variety of experimental settings, interference with IGF-IR function results in inhibition of cancer cell proliferation, 47 survival, 32 anchorageindependent growth in vitro, 48 inhibition of tumor growth and formation of metastasis in vivo 36,41,43,44,49 and sensitization of cancer cells to various chemotherapeutic and radiation regimens.…”