Conservation and New Construction Solutions in Rammed Earth

Silva, Rui André Martins; Jaquin, Paul; Oliveira, Daniel V.; Miranda, Tiago F. S.; Schueremans, Luc; Cristelo, Nuno

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-39686-1_3

Cited by 16 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…This situation contributes for increasing the vulnerability of these constructions [8]. Rammed earth constructions are particularly vulnerable to rainfall and earthquakes [9]. The presence of cracks is a type of damage often present in these constructions, which has particular influence on the structural performance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, Alentejo and Algarve are regions with an important seismic hazard, meaning that lack of proper intervention solutions puts at risk the rammed earth built heritage and the life of eventual inhabitants. Cracks can be repaired using different techniques, but the repair efficiency greatly varies from case to case [9]. The most basic solution consists in simply filling the crack with earth mortar [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Effectiveness of the repair of unstabilised rammed earth with injection of mud grouts

Silva

Oliveira

Schueremans

et al. 2016

Construction and Building Materials

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effectiveness of the repair of unstabilised rammed earth with injection of mud grouts

Silva

Oliveira

Schueremans

et al. 2016

Construction and Building Materials

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“…Failure at corners has also been observed in shaking table tests of small-scale adobe specimens. 7,35,36 In order to reduce the seismic vulnerability of these structures and preserve their architectural and historical value, several retrofit alternatives for adobe walls have been proposed and tested worldwide using meshes, 1,34,35,37,38 tire stripes, 39 timber elements, 35,36 grout injections, 40 or concrete elements. 38 Other possible retrofit strategies propose the addition of bond beams at the top of the walls to improve their out-of-plane response, 8,41 or modification of the loading path of the structure by adding diaphragms that concentrate demands on in-plane walls.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Out‐of‐plane shaking table tests of full‐scale historic adobe corner walls retrofitted with timber elements

Reyes

Galvis

Liu

et al. 2019

Earthq Engng Struct Dyn

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Summary Historic adobe structures pose a high seismic risk mainly because of the poor out‐of‐plane bending response of their walls that may produce fatalities and significant economic, cultural, and heritage losses. In this paper, we propose a retrofitting technique that increases the wall strength for both in‐plane and out‐of‐plane directions. This technique consists of vertical and horizontal timber elements symmetrically installed on each face of the wall to form a confining wood frame, supplemented with vertical tensors that pre‐compress the wall. This study evaluates the performance of this retrofitting technique with a two‐set experimental program on full‐scale historic adobe walls. On the first set, four specimens were subjected to a static overturning test with boundary conditions representing the confinement effect at both ends by orthogonal walls. On the second set, three full‐scale specimens, one unretrofitted and two retrofitted, were subjected to four ground motion records on a shaking table to assess the out‐of‐plane dynamic behavior of typical corner walls. The unretrofitted specimen collapsed during the second motion (peak ground acceleration [PGA] = 0.39 g), while both retrofitted walls survived all four motions (maximum PGA of 0.75 g) proving the high effectiveness of the proposed retrofitting. The addition of base anchors as a variation of the retrofitting technique significantly reduced the rocking effects and the residual drifts of the system, thus improving its overall seismic performance. Further research is needed to develop guidelines for seismic retrofit of heritage buildings including multistory full‐scale tests of specimens with various types of openings and retrofitting strategies that minimize their architectural impact.

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“…A different approach is the retrofit of adobe masonry building using canes (Varum et al, 2014) and rammed earth using timber posts (Silva et al, 2013) as external reinforcement. The improvement recorded in the tensile strength of rammed earth through the fixing of timber posts behind the wall indicates that a timber panel might also significantly improve the structural capacity of old URM walls.…”

Section: < Abstract: Anchors Masonry Strength and Testing Of Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Out-of-plane testing of masonry walls retrofitted with oriented strand board timber panels

Dauda

Lourenço

Iuorio

2021

Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures

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Several studies on different techniques can be found on retrofitting existing unreinforced masonry (URM) walls using varieties of materials ranging from reinforced plaster, grout and epoxy injection to fibre-reinforced polymers. Still, there is a significant lack of experimental data that consider using a material such as oriented strand board (OSB) timber panels, which can be easily sourced around the globe, and are considered to be economical and sustainable. Hence, this paper presents the first stage of a multi-phase experimental investigation into the possibility of retrofitting URM walls using OSB panels. An experimental programme with full-scale testing is expensive, therefore small-scale testing such as the approach presented here is ideal to provide insight when proposing a new retrofit technique. In this paper, flexural strength in the form of four-point bending tests has been obtained on three plain masonry prisms and six OSB retrofitted specimens (615 × 215 × 102.5 mm). The effectiveness of the proposed OSB panel retrofit techniques has been assessed in terms of flexural strength, out-of-plane load capacity and displacement. It was observed that the application of the OSB panel at the back of a masonry prism greatly influenced the out-of-plane behaviour of the retrofitted specimen by increasing its flexural capacity and also by preventing its quasi-brittle collapse.

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Conservation and New Construction Solutions in Rammed Earth

Cited by 16 publications

References 15 publications

Effectiveness of the repair of unstabilised rammed earth with injection of mud grouts

Effectiveness of the repair of unstabilised rammed earth with injection of mud grouts

Out‐of‐plane shaking table tests of full‐scale historic adobe corner walls retrofitted with timber elements

Out-of-plane testing of masonry walls retrofitted with oriented strand board timber panels

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