“…As prior research has demonstrated that a client's financial situation and profitability are negatively associated with audit fees (e.g., Pratt & Stice, 1994), we add several measures of financial condition (Loss t , Leverage, ROA, and LQD) to our model. Following Lesage et al (2017), we further control for several capital marketrelated aspects (Index, Cross-listing, BTM, and Issuance). In particular, companies that have a cross-listing (e.g., Choi, Kim, Liu, & Simunic, 2009), are listed on a prime stock index (e.g., Krauß, Pronobis, & Zülch, 2015), and issue equity (e.g., Bédard & Courteau, 2015) are likely to pay higher audit fees.…”