Consequences of prolonged total body immersion in cold water on muscle performance and EMG activity

Coulange, Mathieu; Hug, François; Kipson, Nathalie; Robinet, Claude; Desruelle, Anne Virginie; Melin, B.; Jimenez, Chantal; Galland, F; Jammes, Yves

doi:10.1007/s00424-005-0013-x

Cited by 18 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…An additional response to reduced skin and core temperatures is the initiation of shivering, generating more metabolic heat (56). Originally it was reported that reductions in skin and core temperatures resulted in vasoconstriction of the skin; however, it was subsequently shown that there is also a vasoconstriction of muscle and reduced maximal cardiac output, thus limiting exercise capacity in the cold (75), despite the absence of reduced neural recruitment of muscle (21).…”

Section: Cold Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

The underwater environment: cardiopulmonary, thermal, and energetic demands

Pendergast¹,

Lundgren²

2009

Journal of Applied Physiology

125

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Pendergast DR, Lundgren CE. The underwater environment: cardiopulmonary, thermal, and energetic demands. J Appl Physiol 106: 276 -283, 2009. First published November 26, 2008 doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.90984.2008.-Water covers over 75% of the earth, has a wide variety of depths and temperatures, and holds a great deal of the earth's resources. The challenges of the underwater environment are underappreciated and more short term compared with those of space travel. Immersion in water alters the cardio-endocrine-renal axis as there is an immediate translocation of blood to the heart and a slower autotransfusion of fluid from the cells to the vascular compartment. Both of these changes result in an increase in stroke volume and cardiac output. The stretch of the atrium and transient increase in blood pressure cause both endocrine and autonomic changes, which in the short term return plasma volume to control levels and decrease total peripheral resistance and thus regulate blood pressure. The reduced sympathetic nerve activity has effects on arteriolar resistance, resulting in hyperperfusion of some tissues, which for specific tissues is time dependent. The increased central blood volume results in increased pulmonary artery pressure and a decline in vital capacity. The effect of increased hydrostatic pressure due to the depth of submersion does not affect stroke volume; however, a bradycardia results in decreased cardiac output, which is further reduced during breath holding. Hydrostatic compression, however, leads to elastic loading of the chest wall and negative pressure breathing. The depthdependent increased work of breathing leads to augmented respiratory muscle blood flow. The blood flow is increased to all lung zones with some improvement in the ventilation-perfusion relationship. The cardiac-renal responses are time dependent; however, the increased stroke volume and cardiac output are, during head-out immersion, sustained for at least hours. Changes in water temperature do not affect resting cardiac output; however, maximal cardiac output is reduced, as is peripheral blood flow, which results in reduced maximal exercise performance. In the cold, maximal cardiac output is reduced and skin and muscle are vasoconstricted, resulting in a further reduction in exercise capacity. respiratory; renal; immersion; exercise; aging; sex differences; submersion; pressure; energy cost THE UNDERWATER ENVIRONMENT is unique, and while it is a magical place with great history and beauty and plant and animal life and holds a wealth of resources, it also imposes pronounced physiological stresses on humans and animals. This brief review offers an overview of how the major environmental challenges, i.e., the pressure, temperature extremes, and the unbreathable ambient medium, of the "Silent World" affect circulation, renal system and water balance, breathing, exercise, and thermal balance and how it imposes some threats due to pharmacological or toxic effects of respired gases at high pressure, i.e., great depths. Adaptations to ...

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Section: Cold Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

The underwater environment: cardiopulmonary, thermal, and energetic demands

Pendergast¹,

Lundgren²

2009

Journal of Applied Physiology

125

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“…Several studies (14,15,18,27) recommend temperature reduction while others (13,16,17) report no change in strength. These investigations also stand out in terms of cooling protocols, voluntary isometric maximal (14,15,27) and Table 1 shows the mean difference percentages for GS between Pre (0) and Post (0), Post (5), Post (15) and Post (30) assessments.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In order to study muscle ef iciency and sensory motor control of voluntary movement at low temperature, Coulange et al (13) evaluated maximal and submaximal (60%) voluntary contraction responses after cooling in 10 professional divers from the French Navy. The authors concluded that complete immersion of the body in cold water did not affect maximal or submaximal voluntary contraction.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite good evidence indicating decreased conduction velocity in muscle nerve ibers (2,5,6) and several studies investigating the behavior of isometric (13)(14)(15)(16) and isokinetic muscle strength (17,18), the ability of cooling to alter muscle strength is still considered inconclusive (19), with consistent recommendations for further research on the issue (6,(13)(14)(15).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Grip strength after forearm cooling in healthy subjects

2016

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Introduction: Muscle strength has shown different responses to the cooling of neuromuscular tissue and its behavior is still unclear. Objective: To verify the behavior of maximum grip strength before and after forearm cooling. Methods: The cooling intervention consisted of immersing the forearm up to the elbow in water cooled to 10° C. Grip strength was assessed using a dynamometer prior to cooling, immediately after immersion, and at 5, 10 and 30 minutes of forearm exposure to ambient temperature (recovery phase) concomitantly to measurement of skin surface temperature. The sample consisted of 30 healthy individuals. Results: Grip strength decreased significantly (p < 0.05) between the period prior to cooling and all the time intervals following immersion in ice water. There was also a gradual increase in grip strength during the recovery phase, with significant differences (p < 0.05) between the mean immediately after immersion and means at 5, 15 and 30 minutes after exposure to ambient temperature. Conclusion: The results indicate that immersion in ice water (10ºC) for 15 minutes significantly reduced (p < 0.05) grip strength for up to 30 minutes after forearm cooling. Strength also recovered progressively after removal of the cold stimulus. Further research is needed to obtain definitive results regarding the effects of cooling on muscle strength in healthy individuals.

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“…Most studies on hand cooling have been carried out with immersion into cold water (cold pressor test) (Petrofsky & Lind, 1980;Suizu & Harada, 2005;Geurts et al, 2006;Coulange et al, 2006), contact with cold materials (Havenith et al, 1992;Chen et al, 1994), or exposure in cold air (Candas & Dufour, 2007). The cold pressor test, a procedure in which subjects are instructed to immerse a limb into a cold-water bath, has been considered one of the most valid methods for inducing pain to meet the criteria of controllability, reliability, discriminability, convenience, and validity (Hirsch & Liebert, 1998).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%