Consequences of Insulin Resistance Long Term in the Body and Its Association with the Development of Chronic Diseases

Abstract

Insulin resistance (IR) has become more common in recent years, and it has been related to a number of metabolic disturbances such as obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), Diabetes mellitus (DM), metabolic syndrome (MetS), cardiovascular disease (CVD), polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and others. IR is defined by a decreased ability of cells to respond to insulin action, as well as hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. There are many factors responsible for the evolution of IR, most notably genetic factors and the modern lifestyle in which an unhealthy diet and lack of physical activity have contributed to an increase in the spread of IR worldwide at various ages. Since insulin is the dominant hormone that drives metabolism and many important functions. Therefore, any alteration in normal insulin, such as high or low insulin levels has a significant influence on the body. Furthermore, to understand IR, it is essential first to know how insulin functions under natural physiologic conditions. This review aims to contribute to an understanding of insulin and insulin resistance, as well as the role of genetics and lifestyle in the evolution of insulin resistance and knowledge of the many common diseases associated with insulin resistance; in the final section of the review, certain diets and exercises have been suggested to help reduce insulin resistance.

Chronic and immediate refined carbohydrate consumption and facial attractiveness

“…For example, it has been shown that this massive dietary change was involved in obesity, insulin resistance, type II diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, Alzheimer's disease, hypertension or myopia [2][3][4][5]. Persistent hyperglycemia/hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance due to the overconsumption of refined carbohydrates are among the well recognized physiological mechanisms involved in these diseases [1,6,7].…”