Consequence of aging at Au/HTM/perovskite interface in triple cation 3D and 2D/3D hybrid perovskite solar cells

Abstract

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) expressed great potentials for offering a feasible alternative to conventional photovoltaic technologies. 2D/3D hybrid PSCs, where a 2D capping layer is used over the 3D film to avoid the instability issues associated with perovskite film, have been reported with improved stabilities and high power conversion efficiencies (PCE). However, the profound analysis of the PSCs with prolonged operational lifetime still needs to be described further. Heading towards efficient and long-life PSCs, in-depth insight into the complicated degradation processes and charge dynamics occurring at PSCs' interfaces is vital. In particular, the Au/HTM/perovskite interface got a substantial consideration due to the quest for better charge transfer; and this interface is debatably the trickiest to explain and analyze. In this study, multiple characterization techniques were put together to understand thoroughly the processes that occur at the Au/HTM/perovskite interface. Inquest analysis using current–voltage (I–V), electric field induced second harmonic generation (EFISHG), and impedance spectroscopy (IS) was performed. These techniques showed that the degradation at the Au/HTM/perovskite interface significantly contribute to the increase of charge accumulation and change in impedance value of the PSCs, hence resulting in efficiency fading. The 3D and 2D/3D hybrid cells, with PCEs of 18.87% and 20.21%, respectively, were used in this study, and the analysis was performed over the aging time of 5000 h. Our findings propose that the Au/HTM/perovskite interface engineering is exclusively essential for attaining a reliable performance of the PSCs and provides a new perspective towards the stability enhancement for the perovskite-based future emerging photovoltaic technology.

Intrinsic Organic Semiconductors as Hole Transport Layers in p–i–n Perovskite Solar Cells

“…While the AFM and contact angle measurements show an evolution of the TaTm surface upon thermal stressing at 85 °C for 6 h, suggesting a rearrangement of the molecular aggregation, these changes are small and unlikely to be the main reason for the device's thermal instability. We cannot exclude other chemical reactions or molecular diffusions between the HTL and the perovskite, [ 68 ] which would also hinder device functioning. However, the HTL/perovskite is buried and hence of difficult access to analytical probes.…”

Stable Hole-Transporting Material-Free Perovskite Solar Cells with Efficiency Exceeding 14% via the Introduction of a Malonic Acid Additive for a Perovskite Precursor

“…The HTM-free structure was initially used in lead-based devices to prevent the inclusion of standard Spiro-OMeTAD with moisture-sensitive lithium salt, which can increase PSC deterioration in the atmosphere . For instance, scientists described a conventional HF-PSC with a configuration of FTO/TiO 2 /ZrO 2 + perovskite/carbon that reached an approved performance of 12.8% as well as a significant increase in environmental stability. , Perovskites’ demonstrated ambipolar charge carrier properties make them ideal for use in PSCs with either a regular or inverted structure. − Solution-prepared perovskite layers frequently contain several grain boundaries (GBs) and trap states that can serve as nonradiative recombination sites, lowering the efficiency of photovoltaic devices. − Furthermore, in conditions of high temperature and/or moisture, organic substances can rapidly migrate, thereby accelerating the degradation of the perovskite film. − So, the photovoltaic performance of PSCs could be improved by using a high-quality perovskite layer with good surface morphology, low trap state density, and high crystallinity.…”

Intrinsic aging in mixed-cation lead halide perovskites

“…In turn, attention also has to be drawn to the presence of additional layers, which can be either beneficial or detrimental to the degradation behavior of HP-based devices. 15–18 Nowadays, encapsulation is a possible forefront of long-term usage of HP solar cells and other devices. 19–21…”

“…In turn, attention also has to be drawn to the presence of additional layers, which can be either benecial or detrimental to the degradation behavior of HP-based devices. [15][16][17][18] Nowadays, encapsulation is a possible forefront of long-term usage of HP solar cells and other devices. [19][20][21] A common approach to studying the stability of PSCs is to track how a gure of merit (e.g., the open-circuit voltage, shortcircuit current density, and the power conversion efficiency) varies with time when submitted to a given condition.…”