Consensus Paper: Roles of the Cerebellum in Motor Control—The Diversity of Ideas on Cerebellar Involvement in Movement

Manto, Mario; Bower, James M.; Conforto, Adriana Bastos; Delgado‐García, José M.; Guarda, Suzete Nascimento Farias da; Gerwig, Marcus; Habas, Christophe; Hagura, Nobuhiro; Ivry, Richard B.; Mariën, Peter; Molinari, Marco; Naito, Eiichi; Nowak, Dennis A.; Taib, Nordeyn Oulad Ben; Pélisson, Denis; Tesche, C. D.; Tilikete, Caroline; Timmann, Dagmar

doi:10.1007/s12311-011-0331-9

Cited by 685 publications

(566 citation statements)

References 301 publications

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“…Structural plasticity in the cerebellum Recent functional imaging studies have substantiated the role of the cerebellum in motor control, automation and learning, in particular in the domain of motor skill acquisition. 51 In this study, we observed bilateral structural changes in lobules IV, V and VI. Anatomically, the cerebellar motor cortex spans the hemispheres of the lobules V, VI and VIII.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 50%

Playing Super Mario induces structural brain plasticity: gray matter changes resulting from training with a commercial video game

et al. 2013

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Video gaming is a highly pervasive activity, providing a multitude of complex cognitive and motor demands. Gaming can be seen as an intense training of several skills. Associated cerebral structural plasticity induced has not been investigated so far. Comparing a control with a video gaming training group that was trained for 2 months for at least 30 min per day with a platformer game, we found significant gray matter (GM) increase in right hippocampal formation (HC), right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and bilateral cerebellum in the training group. The HC increase correlated with changes from egocentric to allocentric navigation strategy. GM increases in HC and DLPFC correlated with participants' desire for video gaming, evidence suggesting a predictive role of desire in volume change. Video game training augments GM in brain areas crucial for spatial navigation, strategic planning, working memory and motor performance going along with evidence for behavioral changes of navigation strategy. The presented video game training could therefore be used to counteract known risk factors for mental disease such as smaller hippocampus and prefrontal cortex volume in, for example, post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia and neurodegenerative disease.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 50%

Playing Super Mario induces structural brain plasticity: gray matter changes resulting from training with a commercial video game

et al. 2013

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“…Lobule VII is again subdivided into Crus I, Crus II and lobule VIIB. Lobules I-V in the anterior lobe and lobule VIII in the posterior lobe are involved in sensorimotor tasks (Manto et al, 2012;Schmahmann, 2009, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Digit somatotopy in the human cerebellum: A 7T fMRI study

et al. 2013

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The representation of the human body in the human cerebellum is still relatively unknown, compared to the well-studied homunculus in the primary somatosensory cortex. The investigation of the body representation in the cerebellum and its somatotopic organisation is complicated because of the relatively small dimensions of the cerebellum, compared to the cerebrum. Somatotopically organised whole-body homunculi have previously been reported in both humans and rats. However, whether individual digits are represented in the cerebellum in a somatotopically organised way is much less clear. In this study, the high spatial resolution and high sensitivity to the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal of 7 T fMRI were employed to study the BOLD responses in the human cerebellum to the stroking of the skin of individual digits, the hand and forearm. For the first time, a coarse somatotopic organisation of the digits, ordered from D1-D5, could be visualised in individual human subjects in both the anterior (lobule V) and the posterior (lobule VIII) lobes of the cerebellum using a somatosensory stimulus. The somatotopic gradient in lobule V was found consistently in the posterior to anterior direction, with the thumb most posterior, while the direction of the somatotopic gradient in lobule VIII differed between subjects. No somatotopic organisation was found in Crus I. A comparison of the digit patches with the hand patch revealed that the digit regions are completely covered by the hand region in both the anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum, in a non-somatotopic manner. These results demonstrate the promise of ultra-high field, high-resolution fMRI for studies of the cerebellum.

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“…Maintaining posture, originating and coordinating voluntary movement are some of the functionalities of the cerebellum. The cerebellum is also a direct recipient of sensory input due to the representation of the somatosensory cortex in the cerebellar cortex (Manto et al., 2012). This leads to the hypothesis that cerebellar mechanisms could explain the impaired cervical sensorimotor control.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cervical sensorimotor control in idiopathic cervical dystonia: A cross‐sectional study

et al. 2017

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ObjectivesPatients with idiopathic adult‐onset cervical dystonia (CD) experience an abnormal head posture and involuntary muscle contractions. Although the exact areas affected in the central nervous system remain uncertain, impaired functions in systems stabilizing the head and neck are apparent such as the somatosensory and sensorimotor integration systems. The aim of the study is to investigate cervical sensorimotor control dysfunction in patients with CD.Material and MethodsCervical sensorimotor control was assessed by a head repositioning task in 24 patients with CD and 70 asymptomatic controls. Blindfolded participants were asked to reposition their head to a previously memorized neutral head position (NHP) following an active movement (flexion, extension, left, and right rotation). The repositioning error (joint position error, JPE) was registered via 3D motion analysis with an eight‐camera infrared system (VICON ® T10). Disease‐specific characteristics of all patients were obtained via the Tsui scale, Cervical Dystonia Impact Profile (CDIP‐58), and Toronto Western Spasmodic Rating Scale.ResultsPatients with CD showed larger JPE than controls (mean difference of 1.5°, p < .006), and systematically ‘overshoot’, i.e. surpassed the NHP, whereas control subjects ‘undershoot’, i.e. fall behind the NHP. The JPE did not correlate with disease‐specific characteristics.ConclusionsCervical sensorimotor control is impaired in patients with CD. As cervical sensorimotor control can be trained, this might be a potential treatment option for therapy, adjuvant to botulinum toxin injections.

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Consensus Paper: Roles of the Cerebellum in Motor Control—The Diversity of Ideas on Cerebellar Involvement in Movement

Cited by 685 publications

References 301 publications

Playing Super Mario induces structural brain plasticity: gray matter changes resulting from training with a commercial video game

Playing Super Mario induces structural brain plasticity: gray matter changes resulting from training with a commercial video game

Digit somatotopy in the human cerebellum: A 7T fMRI study

Cervical sensorimotor control in idiopathic cervical dystonia: A cross‐sectional study

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