Consciousness and choking in visually-guided actions

Koedijker, Johan

doi:10.1007/s11097-014-9398-3

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…For example, to test changes in performance in goalball (where competitors attempt to roll a ball into their opponents’ goal), the interceptive ability of skilled team handball players could be tested as a representative task. A second potential limitation is that athletes who do not have VI have learned to play the sport with the benefit of vision, and it could be that some elements of their performance are so well-learned that their skills are more ‘automatic’ and rely on different sources of information to that of lesser-skilled athletes [ 40 , 41 ] or athletes with VI. Third, it is not possible to simulate an impairment to all the types of visual function that may be relevant to sport performance.…”

Section: Models For VI Classification Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

International Paralympic Committee (IPC) and International Blind Sports Federation (IBSA) Joint Position Stand on the Sport-Specific Classification of Athletes with Vision Impairment

Mann

Ravensbergen

2018

Sports Med

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Classification is a defining characteristic of para-sports whereby eligible athletes are allocated a sport class to compete against others with similar activity limitations. To account for the unique characteristics of each sport, para-sports should develop their own classification system using evidence that demonstrates the impact of impairment on performance in that sport. Although the move towards sport-specific classification has progressed in sports for athletes with physical and intellectual impairments, sports for athletes with vision impairment (VI) continue to use the same three classes irrespective of the sport, with classes delineated by legal definitions of low vision and blindness. The aim of this joint International Paralympic Committee/International Blind Sports Federation (IPC/IBSA) Position Stand is to provide guidance for how evidence-based sport-specific classification should be achieved in VI sports. It does so by outlining three conceptual research models (correlation, simulation, and component analysis) that can be used to establish both the minimum impairment required to compete plus the appropriate number of sport classes and their inclusion criteria. The present evaluation of vision relies on measures of visual acuity and field, but new criteria may require a sport-specific combination of additional measures of visual function (e.g. contrast, motion, and light sensitivity) to better account for the impact of VI on sport performance. Moreover, the test procedures used during athlete evaluation (e.g. whether to evaluate both eyes individually or together) should be chosen to better represent the habitual viewing situation experienced in that sport. The development of sport-specific criteria should enhance the legitimacy of competition and encourage increased grassroots participation in VI sports.

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Section: Models For VI Classification Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

International Paralympic Committee (IPC) and International Blind Sports Federation (IBSA) Joint Position Stand on the Sport-Specific Classification of Athletes with Vision Impairment

Mann

Ravensbergen

2018

Sports Med

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“…Unfortunately, despite the preceding findings, relatively little is known about the cognitive processes underlying QE. Thus, as Koedijker and Mann (2015) concluded, “the neural and functional mechanisms behind QE are largely unclear” (p. 336)—a view shared by Frank, Land, and Schack (2016) and confirmed in a recent review by Gonzalez et al (2015). Identification of the neural substrates of QE is challenging, however, because as Mann, Dicks, Cañal-Bruland, and van der Kamp (2013) argued, “it is difficult to make meaningful inferences about perceptual-motor expertise from experiments where participants cannot move” (p. 78).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Using pupillometry to evaluate attentional effort in quiet eye: A preliminary investigation.

Moran¹,

Quinn²,

Campbell³

et al. 2016

Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology

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Since the 1990s, eye-tracking researchers have investigated expert–novice differences in visual attentional processes among athletes. One such difference concerns the quiet eye (QE) phenomenon, or the time that elapses between a skilled performer’s last fixation on a specific target and the subsequent initiation of a relevant motor response. Despite extensive research on QE, however, the precise attentional mechanisms underlying its effects remain unclear. Therefore, to address this issue, the present study explores the potential value of using pupillometry (the measurement of changes in pupil diameter as a function of cognitive processing) to investigate attentional effort (also known as mental effort), or the allocation of attentional resources during QE for athletes of different levels of ability. We predicted that experts would exert significantly more attentional effort (increased pupil dilation) than would their less-skilled counterparts during QE. Fifteen equestrian performers (5 expert, 5 intermediate or near-expert, and 5 novice riders) were eye-tracked while making a critical decision in a laboratory setting as they viewed a video-based show-jumping sequence. Overall, our results show that pupillometry can be used to identify skill-based differences in attentional effort during QE, F(2, 8) = 5.099, p < .05, η2 = 0.560). Substantial individual differences in pupil dilation were also found among participants. Furthermore, results show a significant positive correlation (r = .692, p < .05) between duration of QE and the exertion of attentional effort. Following a discussion of the theoretical significance of these findings, methodological limitations are acknowledged, and some potentially fruitful new directions for pupillometry research on QE processes are identified.

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“…A deliberate effort to train an action to become more ‘disguised’ presents an interesting challenge to the requirement for ‘intent’ in the definition of deception [ 28 ]. For example, Pete Sampras’s tennis serve was notoriously difficult to anticipate, reportedly because his junior coach during service drills would call out the required direction of serve only late in the service action [ 29 ].…”

Section: Deceptive Movements (Re-)definedmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Future research designs could assess both the deceptiveness (i.e. deceit and/or disguise) when acting as a performer and the perceptual ability when observing the same deceptive action (e.g., see [ 28 ]). Alternatively, observers could view their own deceptive actions (e.g.…”

Section: Mechanisms Underpinning the Perception Of Deceptive Actionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expertise and Deceptive Movements in Sport

Raffan,

Mann,

Savelsbergh

2024

Sports Med - Open

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Background Deceptive movements occur when an actor seeks to fake, hide or delay kinematic information about their true movement outcomes. The purpose of deceptive movements is to impair the perception of opponents (the ‘observer’) to gain an advantage over them. We argue though that a lack of conceptual clarity has led to confusion about what deception is and in understanding the different approaches by which an actor can deceive their opponent. The aim of this article is to outline a conceptual framework for understanding deceptive movements in sport. Main body Adopting Interpersonal Deception Theory from the field of communication, we define deception as when an actor deliberately alters their actions in an attempt to impair the ability of an observer to anticipate their true action outcomes. Further, deception can be achieved either by what we define as deceit, the act of providing false information, or disguise, the act of concealing the action outcome. Skilled athletes often have actions that are difficult to anticipate, but an action is only classified as containing deception if the actor has explicit intent to deceive an observer. Having outlined the conceptual framework, we then review existing empirical findings on the skilled perception of deceptive movements considering the framework. This approach includes a critical evaluation of the mechanisms known to facilitate the perceptual ability to prevent being deceived, including a consideration of visual search strategies, confidence, the contribution of visual and motor experiences, and the influence of response biases and action capabilities on perceptual performance. Conclusion The distinction between deceit and disguise particularly helps to show that most research has examined deceit, with little known about how an actor can more effectively disguise their action, or about how an observer can improve their ability to anticipate the outcome of disguised actions. The insights help to identify fruitful areas for future research and outline implications for skill acquisition and performance enhancement.

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Consciousness and choking in visually-guided actions

Cited by 7 publications

References 53 publications

International Paralympic Committee (IPC) and International Blind Sports Federation (IBSA) Joint Position Stand on the Sport-Specific Classification of Athletes with Vision Impairment

International Paralympic Committee (IPC) and International Blind Sports Federation (IBSA) Joint Position Stand on the Sport-Specific Classification of Athletes with Vision Impairment

Using pupillometry to evaluate attentional effort in quiet eye: A preliminary investigation.

Expertise and Deceptive Movements in Sport

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