“…Biostratigraphically constrained δ 18 O apatite values from the Carnic Alps 11 , the Prague Synform 18 and the Blankenheim section of the Eifel area 26 are correlated within biozonal boundary ranges via high-resolution magnetic susceptibility and geochemical data. Published data of other sections from Germany and from France 25 are plotted according to the absolute age 25 and correlated via conodont biozone boundaries 55 – 58 .…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The Zuc di Malaseit Basso (ZMB) section (N46° 33′ 19.06″; E13° 11′ 10.6″) was deposited within a distal slope setting of the Hoher Trieb Formation, while the Wolayer “Glacier” section (N46° 36′ 46.56″; E12° 52′ 33.66″) is represented by condensed pelagic deposits of the Valentin Formation. These sections were correlated using high-resolution conodont biostratigraphy 11 . Figure 2 ( A ) Location of the Carnic Alps at the Austro-Italian border and the Prague Synform in Czech Republic.…”
Section: Geological Settingsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Several groups even produced new taxa, e.g., planktonic dacryoconarid tentaculitids like Nowakia otomari occurred with the onset of LEE1 21 . An increased intraspecific variability is observed among some polygnathid and icriodontid conodont taxa 10 , 11 , 18 , 22 . Additionally, the bathymetric changes coherent with the late Eifelian eustatic sea level rise effected the paleogeographic distribution of benthic marine organisms 23 , 24 .…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The Kačák Episode was divided into two event intervals, named late Eifelian 1 Event (LEE1) and late Eifelian 2 Event (LEE2), reflecting its polyphased nature 1 , 10 . Although the Kačák Episode was initiated by black shale deposition during the late Eifelian about 388 million years ago (uppermost part of the kockelianus conodont Biozone), it did not terminate at the Eifelian–Givetian boundary but reached into the earliest Givetian ( hemiansatus conodont Biozone) 10 , 11 . At the Eifelian/Givetian GSSP (Global Stratotype Section and Point) at Mech Irdane (Morocco), the Kačák Episode is temporally constrained to a relatively short interval of about 370 kyr 12 , 13 .…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Biodiversity analysis has shown that mainly ammonoids 5 , 14 – 16 , conodonts 10 , 11 , 17 , 18 and trilobites 19 , 20 suffered from a certain taxonomic loss. However, it appears that extinction was not the main response of faunal communities to environmental changes but rather habitat tracking and speciation events.…”
The Middle Devonian Epoch, ~ 393–383 million years ago, is known for a peak in diversity and highest latitudinal distribution of coral and stromatoporoid reefs. About 388 million years ago, during the late Eifelian and earliest Givetian, climax conditions were interrupted by the polyphased Kačák Episode, a short-lived period of marine dys-/anoxia associated with climate warming that lasted less than 500 kyr. Reconstruction of the seawater temperature contributes to a better understanding of the climate conditions marine biota were exposed to during the event interval. To date, conodont apatite-based paleotemperatures across the Eifelian–Givetian boundary interval have been published from Belarus, France, Germany and North America (10–36° S paleolatitude). Here we provide new δ18Oapatite data from the Carnic Alps (Austria, Italy) and the Prague Synform (Czech Republic). For better approximation of the paleotemperature record across the Kačák Episode, a latitude-dependent correction for Middle Devonian seawater δ18O is applied. Because δ18Oapatite data from shallow marine sections are influenced by regional salinity variations, calculated mean sea surface temperatures (SST) are restricted to more open marine settings (22–34° S paleolatitude). Water temperatures reach ~ 34 °C in the Prague Synform and ~ 33 °C in the Carnic Alps and suggest that SSTs of the southern hemisphere low latitudes were ~ 6 °C higher than previously assumed for this time interval.
“…Biostratigraphically constrained δ 18 O apatite values from the Carnic Alps 11 , the Prague Synform 18 and the Blankenheim section of the Eifel area 26 are correlated within biozonal boundary ranges via high-resolution magnetic susceptibility and geochemical data. Published data of other sections from Germany and from France 25 are plotted according to the absolute age 25 and correlated via conodont biozone boundaries 55 – 58 .…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The Zuc di Malaseit Basso (ZMB) section (N46° 33′ 19.06″; E13° 11′ 10.6″) was deposited within a distal slope setting of the Hoher Trieb Formation, while the Wolayer “Glacier” section (N46° 36′ 46.56″; E12° 52′ 33.66″) is represented by condensed pelagic deposits of the Valentin Formation. These sections were correlated using high-resolution conodont biostratigraphy 11 . Figure 2 ( A ) Location of the Carnic Alps at the Austro-Italian border and the Prague Synform in Czech Republic.…”
Section: Geological Settingsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Several groups even produced new taxa, e.g., planktonic dacryoconarid tentaculitids like Nowakia otomari occurred with the onset of LEE1 21 . An increased intraspecific variability is observed among some polygnathid and icriodontid conodont taxa 10 , 11 , 18 , 22 . Additionally, the bathymetric changes coherent with the late Eifelian eustatic sea level rise effected the paleogeographic distribution of benthic marine organisms 23 , 24 .…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The Kačák Episode was divided into two event intervals, named late Eifelian 1 Event (LEE1) and late Eifelian 2 Event (LEE2), reflecting its polyphased nature 1 , 10 . Although the Kačák Episode was initiated by black shale deposition during the late Eifelian about 388 million years ago (uppermost part of the kockelianus conodont Biozone), it did not terminate at the Eifelian–Givetian boundary but reached into the earliest Givetian ( hemiansatus conodont Biozone) 10 , 11 . At the Eifelian/Givetian GSSP (Global Stratotype Section and Point) at Mech Irdane (Morocco), the Kačák Episode is temporally constrained to a relatively short interval of about 370 kyr 12 , 13 .…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Biodiversity analysis has shown that mainly ammonoids 5 , 14 – 16 , conodonts 10 , 11 , 17 , 18 and trilobites 19 , 20 suffered from a certain taxonomic loss. However, it appears that extinction was not the main response of faunal communities to environmental changes but rather habitat tracking and speciation events.…”
The Middle Devonian Epoch, ~ 393–383 million years ago, is known for a peak in diversity and highest latitudinal distribution of coral and stromatoporoid reefs. About 388 million years ago, during the late Eifelian and earliest Givetian, climax conditions were interrupted by the polyphased Kačák Episode, a short-lived period of marine dys-/anoxia associated with climate warming that lasted less than 500 kyr. Reconstruction of the seawater temperature contributes to a better understanding of the climate conditions marine biota were exposed to during the event interval. To date, conodont apatite-based paleotemperatures across the Eifelian–Givetian boundary interval have been published from Belarus, France, Germany and North America (10–36° S paleolatitude). Here we provide new δ18Oapatite data from the Carnic Alps (Austria, Italy) and the Prague Synform (Czech Republic). For better approximation of the paleotemperature record across the Kačák Episode, a latitude-dependent correction for Middle Devonian seawater δ18O is applied. Because δ18Oapatite data from shallow marine sections are influenced by regional salinity variations, calculated mean sea surface temperatures (SST) are restricted to more open marine settings (22–34° S paleolatitude). Water temperatures reach ~ 34 °C in the Prague Synform and ~ 33 °C in the Carnic Alps and suggest that SSTs of the southern hemisphere low latitudes were ~ 6 °C higher than previously assumed for this time interval.
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