Conners' Teacher Rating Scale for use in drug studies with children ? An empirical study

Werry, John S.; Sprague, Robert L.; Cohen, Miye N.

doi:10.1007/bf00916752

Cited by 257 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Inclusion criteria are hyperactive, inattentive, and impulsive behaviours that cause impairment in at least two settings and a Conners' Teacher Hyperactivity rating greater than 2 SD above age-and sex-specific means (Werry et al 1975) In a study analysing 544 scans from 152 people with ADHD (age range, 5-18 years) and 139 age-and sex-matched controls (age range, 4.5-1,9 years) total cerebral and cerebellar volumes were smaller in ADHD and the difference persisted across this age span (Castellanos et al 2002). However, caudate volume was smaller in ADHD during childhood but the difference became statistically non-significant as caudate volumes decreased for both patients and controls during adolescence.…”

Section: Trajectories Of Brain Development In Adhdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trajectories of Anatomic Brain Development as a Phenotype

Giedd

Lenroot²,

Shaw³

et al. 2008

Novartis Foundation Symposia

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Many cognitive, emotional and behavioural traits, as well as psychiatric disorders are highly heritable. However, identifying the specific genes and mechanisms by which this heritability manifests has been elusive. One approach to make this problem more tractable has been to attempt to identify and quantify biological markers that are intermediate steps along the gene-to-behaviour path. The field of neuroimaging offers several anatomic and physiologic possibilities to quantify. Stability over time has been proposed as a desired feature for these intermediate phenotypes.However, in this paper we discuss the value of looking at trajectories of anatomic brain development (i.e. morphometric changes over time), as opposed to static measures, as a phenotype. Examples drawn from longitudinal anatomic magnetic resonance imaging studies of typical development, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and childhood-onset schizophrenia are used to demonstrate the utility of trajectories of brain development as a phenotypic bridge between genes and behaviour in health and in illness.

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Section: Trajectories Of Brain Development In Adhdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trajectories of Anatomic Brain Development as a Phenotype

Giedd

Lenroot²,

Shaw³

et al. 2008

Novartis Foundation Symposia

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“…Of the 26 males, 23 had been previously treated with psychostimulants, and 25 participated in a 12-week double-blind trial of methylphenidate, dextroamphetamine, and placebo described elsewhere (Elia et al, 1991). Inclusion criteria were a history of hyperactive, inattentive, and impulsive behaviors that were impairing in at least two settings (home, school, or day program) and a Conners Teacher Hyperactivity rating greater than 2 SD above age mean (Werry et al, 1975).…”

Section: Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Individuals with physical, neurological, or lifetime history of psychiatric abnormalities or who had any first-degree relatives or greater than 20% of second-degree relatives with major psychiatric disorders were excluded. Approximately five candidates were screened for every one accepted, with the most common exclusions being family psychiatric history, Conners Teacher Hyperactivity ratings greater than 1 SD above published age norms (Werry et al, 1975), and probable psychiatric diagnosis based on structured interviews.…”

Section: Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implication of Right Frontostriatal Circuitry in Response Inhibition and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Casey¹,

Castellanos²,

Giedd³

et al. 1997

Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psych

704

401

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Objective: To examine the relation between specific frontostriatal structures (prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia) and response inhibition deficits observed in attention-deficitlhyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Method: Children with ADHD and age-matched normal controls were scanned using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and tested on three response inhibition tasks. Behavioral performance was correlated with MRI-based anatomical measures of frontostriatal circuitry (prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia) implicated in ADHD. Results: First, significant differences in performance by children with ADHD and normal volunteers were observed on all three response inhibition tasks. Second, performance on these tasks correlated only with those anatomical measures of frontostriatal circuitry observed to be abnormal in children with ADHD (e.g., the region of the prefrontal cortex, caudate, and globus pallidus, but not the putamen) in the authors' previous study. Third, significant correlations between task performance and anatomical measures of the prefrontal cortex and caudate nuclei were predominantly in the right hemisphere, supporting a role of right frontostriatal circuitry in response inhibition and ADHD. Conclusion: The data suggest a role of the right prefrontal cortex in suppressing responses to salient, but otherwise irrelevant events while the basal ganglia appear to be involved in executing these behavioral responses.

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“…Patients meeting DSM-IV diagnosis of ADHD were administered a Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents (DICA)-Child, Adolescent and Parent versions [Reich, 2000]. Other measures included the Conners Parent and Teacher Rating Scales [Goyette et al, 1978;Werry et al, 1975], Child Behavior Checklist [Achenbach and Edelbrock, 1981], Teacher Report Form [Achenbach et al, 1991], Full Scale Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Third Edition (WISC-III), a computerized response inhibition task [Casey et al, 1993], and an anatomic brain MRI scan [see for details]. Ninety-four percent of the patients were diagnosed with ADHD combined type and the remaining 6% were diagnosed with primary inattentive type.…”

Section: Adhd Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) gene 7‐repeat allele with children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): An update

Gornick¹,

Addington²,

Shaw³

et al. 2006

American J of Med Genetics Pt B

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Polymorphisms of the dopamine receptor D4 gene DRD4, 11p15.5, have previously been associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [Bobb et al., 2005; Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 132:109-125;Faraone et al., 2005; Biol Psychiatry 57:1313-1323Thapar et al., 2005; Hum Mol Genet 14 Spec No. 2:R275-R282]. As a follow up to a pilot study [see Castellanos et al., 1998; Mol Psychiatry 3:431-434] consisting of 41 probands and 56 controls which found no significant association between the DRD4 7-repeat allele in exon 3 and ADHD, a greatly expanded study sample (cases n ¼ 166 and controls n ¼ 282) and long term follow-up (n ¼ 107, baseline mean age n ¼ 9, follow-up mean age of n ¼ 15) prompted reexamination of this gene. The DRD4 7-repeat allele was significantly more frequent in ADHD cases than controls (OR ¼ 1.2; P ¼ 0.028). Further, within the ADHD group, the 7-repeat allele was associated with better cognitive performance (measured by the WISC-III) (P ¼ 0.013-0.07) as well as a trend for association with better long-term outcome. This provides further evidence of the role of the DRD4 7-repeat allele in the etiology of ADHD and suggests that this allele may be associated with a more benign form of the disorder. INTRODUCTIONAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common, highly heritable childhood disorder defined by chronic inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity based on criteria specified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) [American Psychiatric Association, 1994]. Family, twin and adoption studies, as well as linkage and association studies, have shown strong genetic contributions to the etiology of ADHD [Faraone and Biederman, 1998;Fisher et al., 2002;Ogdie et al., 2003; ArcosBurgos et al., 2004]. The most consistently replicated candidate gene in ADHD genetics is the association with the dopamine receptor D4 gene (DRD4) [LaHoste et al., 1996;Smalley et al., 1998;Swanson et al., 1998;Comings et al., 1999;Faraone et al., 1999;Holmes et al., 2000;Muglia et al., 2000;Tahir et al., 2000;Curran et al., 2001;Mill et al., 2001;Roman et al., 2001;Bhaduri et al., 2006]. The majority of these studies have reported on a variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism in exon 3 of the DRD4 gene. Despite a few inconsistencies in reported associations of this VNTR and ADHD [Eisenberg et al., 2000;Hawi et al., 2000;Sunohara et al., 2000;Marino et al., 2003;Purper-Ouakil et al., 2005] the majority of reports and several meta-analyses have found positive support for the association [LaHoste et al., 1996;Smalley et al., 1998;Comings et al., 1999;Curran et al., 2001;Mill et al., 2001;Roman et al., 2001;Holmes et al., 2002;Bobb et al., 2005;Faraone et al., 2005;Bhaduri et al., 2006].In the present study, we used both case-control and familybased designs to test the association between ADHD and the DRD4 7-repeat allele using an expanded sample from a previous pilot study [Castellanos et al., 1998] of ADHD patients recruited as part of a d...

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Conners' Teacher Rating Scale for use in drug studies with children ? An empirical study

Cited by 257 publications

References 5 publications

Trajectories of Anatomic Brain Development as a Phenotype

Trajectories of Anatomic Brain Development as a Phenotype

Implication of Right Frontostriatal Circuitry in Response Inhibition and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Association of the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) gene 7‐repeat allele with children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): An update

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