Connection between Structure and Quality of Barley Husk

Olkku, Juhani; Kotaviita, Erja; Salmenkallio-Marttila, Marjatta; Sweins, Hannele; Home, Silja

doi:10.1094/asbcj-63-0017

Cited by 25 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The sections were stained with a lipid-soluble dye, Oil Red O, that is typically used for the staining of all lipidic compounds. The applicability of Oil Red O for cutinaceous substances in barley has previously been studied (38). Cutin and suberin were clearly visualized in the reference samples.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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NovelCoprinopsis cinereaPolyesterase That Hydrolyzes Cutin and Suberin

Kontkanen

Westerholm-Parvinen

Saloheimo

et al. 2009

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Three cutinase gene-like genes from the basidiomycete Coprinopsis cinerea (Coprinus cinereus) found with a similarity search were cloned and expressed in Trichoderma reesei under the control of an inducible cbh1 promoter. The selected transformants of all three polyesterase constructs showed activity with p-nitrophenylbutyrate, used as a model substrate. The most promising transformant of the cutinase CC1G_09668.1 gene construct was cultivated in a laboratory fermentor, with a production yield of 1.4 g liter ؊l purified protein. The expressed cutinase (CcCUT1) was purified to homogeneity by immobilized metal affinity chromatography exploiting a C-terminal His tag. The N terminus of the enzyme was found to be blocked. The molecular mass of the purified enzyme was determined to be around 18.8 kDa by mass spectrometry. CcCUT1 had higher activity on shorter (C 2 to C 10 ) fatty acid esters of p-nitrophenol than on longer ones, and it also exhibited lipase activity. CcCUT1 had optimal activity between pH 7 and 8 but retained activity over a wide pH range. The enzyme retained 80% of its activity after 20 h of incubation at 50°C, but residual activity decreased sharply at 60°C. Microscopic analyses and determination of released hydrolysis products showed that the enzyme was able to depolymerize apple cutin and birch outer bark suberin.Cutin and suberin are lipid-derived insoluble polyesters that serve as structural components of the outer barriers of plants. Significant amounts of cutin are present in different agricultural and food raw materials, such as cereals, berries, fruits, and vegetables, and their processing by-products, whereas the bark of cork oak and birch is rich in suberin. These polymers are estimated to be the third most abundant natural polymers after cellulose and lignin (22). The weight of an isolated cuticle ranges from 0.45 to 0.8 mg cm Ϫ2 (leaf cuticles) to 2 mg cm Ϫ2(fruit cuticles), of which 40 to 80% is formed by cutin (23).Cutin is primarily composed of ester-linked fatty acids, of which mono-, di-, and trihydroxy and epoxy fatty acids of the C 16 and C 18 families are the most abundant (25). Suberin consists of both a polyaliphatic fatty acid domain similar to that of cutin, with epoxy, hydroxy, and carboxylic acid functionalities, and a polyphenolic domain (4). The main suberin monomers are aliphatic long-chain ␣,-diacids and -hydroxyacids, together with glycerol (20). Cutin can be depolymerized by chemical cleavage of the ester bonds. However, epoxy, hydroxy, and carboxylic acid functionalities are not always retained when harsh chemical treatments are applied. Thus, enzymatic depolymerization of cutin is an attractive option and could result in formation of both monomers and oligomers with unmodified functionalities (26). Partial depolymerization of cork suberin by methanolysis has been found to form linear esters, glyceryl esters, and feruloyl esters, in which ferulic acid is linked to hydroxy acids (20).Cutinases and suberinases are polyesterases which are able to degrade or partially de...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The samples for analysis were prepared as previously described by Olkku et al (38). Briefly, the samples were fixed in 1% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7), dehydrated with EtOH, embedded in Historesin, and sectioned (2 m) with a rotary microtome.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

NovelCoprinopsis cinereaPolyesterase That Hydrolyzes Cutin and Suberin

Kontkanen

Westerholm-Parvinen

Saloheimo

et al. 2009

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…The samples for LM analysis were prepared as previously described by Olkku et al (26). Briefly, the samples were fixed in 1% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7), dehydrated with ethanol, embedded in Historesin, and sectioned (2 μm) with a rotary microtome.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The quantitative composition of monomeric mixtures obtained depends on the method, but consists mostly of long-chain (16-24 carbon atoms) aliphatic dicarboxylic acids, ω-hydroxy fatty acids, very long chain (20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30) carbons) fatty acids, fatty alcohols, and glycerol together with a small amount of aromatic compounds such as coumaric and ferulic acids (1)(2)(3)(4)(5). The distribution of the individual suberin monomeric components and compound classes varies between different plant species and parts of plants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Suberin of Potato (Solanum tuberosum Var. Nikola): Comparison of the Effect of Cutinase CcCut1 with Chemical Depolymerization

Järvinen¹,

Silvestre²,

Holopainen³

et al. 2009

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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Chemical and enzymatic depolymerizations of suberin isolated from potato peel (Solanum tuberosum var. Nikola) were performed under various conditions. Enzymatic hydrolysis with cutinase CcCut1 and chemical methanolysis with NaOMe of suberin yielded monomeric fragments, which were identified as TMS derivatives with GC-MS and GC-FID. The solid, hydrolysis-resistant residues were analyzed with solid state 13 C CPMAS NMR, FT-IR, and microscopic methods. Methanolysis released more CHCl 3 -soluble material than the cutinase treatment when determined gravimetrically. Interestingly, cutinase-catalyzed hydrolysis produced higher proportions of aliphatic monomers than hydrolysis with the NaOMe procedure when analyzed by GC in the form of TMS derivatives. Monomers released by the two methods were mainly R,ω-dioic acids and ω-hydroxy acids, but the ratios of the detected monomers were different, at 40.0 and 32.7% for methanolysis and 64.6 and 8.2% for cutinase, respectively. Thus, cutinase CcCut1 showed higher activity toward ester bonds of R,ω-dioic acids than toward the bonds of ω-hydroxy acids. The most abundant monomeric compounds were octadec-9-ene-1,18-dioic acid and 18-hydroxyoctadec-9-enoic acid, which accounted for ca. 37 and 28% of all monomers, respectively. The results of the analyses of the chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis products were supported by the spectroscopic analyses with FT-IR and CPMAS 13 C NMR together with the analysis of the microstructures of the hydrolysis residues by light and confocal microscopy.

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“…During the later stages of grain ripening, the hull has been considered to have a role in grain dormancy and therefore preharvest sprouting resistance 3 . During harvest, the hull acts to protect the germ during the abrasive threshing process in the harvester 30 . Post harvest, the hull plays a role in processing for the malting, brewing and feed industries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Impacts of the Hull on Barley Grain Quality

Fox

Kelly²,

Çakır

et al. 2006

Journal of the Institute of Brewing

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Barley hull plays an important role in malt and feed quality and processing. In this study we measured the variation in hull content along with other grain quality traits namely, kernel discolouration and degree of pre-harvest sprouting, in a single mapping population. There were significant (p < 0.05) genetic as well as environment effects. In addition, heritability was calculated for hull content to be 29% and 47% for two years' data. From the analysis, major QTL markers were identified in controlling the expression of hull content on chromosomes 2 (2H), and 6 (6H) with significant (P < 0.05) LOD scores of 5.4 and 3.46 respectively. Minor QTLs were identified on 1 (7H), 4 (4H), 5 (1H) and 7 (5H). The region at marker Bmac310 on 4(4H) could be associated with dormancy gene SD4. A number of the QTLs also coincided with regions for either kernel discolouration or preharvest sprouting resistance (dormancy). The results indicate that variation exists for hull content, which is influenced by both growing environment as well as genetically, although the genetic variance explained less than half of the total variance. Further, hull content also impacts on other grain quality attributes including dormancy, sprouting resistance and kernel appearance.

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Connection between Structure and Quality of Barley Husk

Cited by 25 publications

References 2 publications

NovelCoprinopsis cinereaPolyesterase That Hydrolyzes Cutin and Suberin

NovelCoprinopsis cinereaPolyesterase That Hydrolyzes Cutin and Suberin

Suberin of Potato (Solanum tuberosum Var. Nikola): Comparison of the Effect of Cutinase CcCut1 with Chemical Depolymerization

Genetic Impacts of the Hull on Barley Grain Quality

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