Connecting people with ecosystems in the 21st century: an assessment of our nation's urban forests.

Dwyer, John F.; Nowak, David J.; Noble, Mary Heather; Sisinni, Susan M.

doi:10.2737/pnw-gtr-490

Cited by 106 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Ecoregion index in our model exhibits a very significant influence on the demand for urban forest. The positive sign before ecoregion index attests to the conclusions made by Nowak et al (1996) and Dwyer et al (2000). These prior studies claimed that urban tree canopy cover is also highest in forested ecoregions, followed by other ecoregions such as grasslands and deserts.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 59%

“…Nowak et al (1996) and Dwyer et al (2000) show that urban tree canopy cover is highest in forested ecoregions, followed by grasslands and deserts, thus confirming ecoregion as an indispensable contributor to urban canopy variation at a national scale.…”

Section: Economic Model Of the Demand For Urban Forestsmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…But in Level II, this region is defined as "Everglades", which is not well suited for tree growth. The tree canopy coverage data collected from Dwyer et al (2000) also attests to the low canopy percentage in this region. All the sample cities in this region have their tree canopy coverage below 5%, with some even falling below 1%.…”

Section: Ecoregion Classification Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The accuracy of the estimates of canopy cover was determined through comparisons with canopy inventories of selected urban areas around the United States, based on aerial photography (Nowak et al, 1996). However, the urban forest canopy cover data are statistical estimates and are most suitable for large areas (Dwyer et al, 2000). Despite this limitation, the data are well suited for our analysis since the minimum land area of the sample cities is 27.1 km 2 .…”

Section: Urban Forest Canopy Covermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service collected and published canopy cover data (Dwyer et al, 2000) in accordance with the Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act of 1974, which requires the Forest Service to assess "the current and expected future conditions of all renewable resources in the Nation"(USDA Forest Service, 1989). As such, the Forest Service has summarized results at state, county, metropolitan statistical area (MSA), urban area, and Census Designated Places levels for the contiguous United States.…”

Section: Urban Forest Canopy Covermentioning

confidence: 99%

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Demand for urban forests in United States cities

Zhu

Zhang

2008

Landscape and Urban Planning

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 59%

Section: Economic Model Of the Demand For Urban Forestsmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Ecoregion Classification Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Urban Forest Canopy Covermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Urban Forest Canopy Covermentioning

confidence: 99%

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Demand for urban forests in United States cities

Zhu

Zhang

2008

Landscape and Urban Planning

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Evapotranspiration of urban landscapes in Los Angeles, California at the municipal scale

Litvak

Manago

Hogue

et al. 2017

Water Resources Research

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Evapotranspiration (ET), an essential process in biosphere‐atmosphere interactions, is highly uncertain in cities that maintain cultivated and irrigated landscapes. We estimated ET of irrigated landscapes in Los Angeles by combining empirical models of turfgrass ET and tree transpiration derived from in situ measurements with previously developed remotely sensed estimates of vegetation cover and ground‐based vegetation surveys. We modeled irrigated landscapes as a two‐component system comprised of trees and turfgrass to assess annual and spatial patterns of ET. Annual ET from vegetated landscapes (ETveg) was 1110 ± 53 mm/yr and ET from the whole city (vegetated and nonvegetated areas, ETland) was three times smaller, reflecting the fractional vegetation cover. With the exception of May and June, monthly ETland was significantly higher than predicted by the North American Land Data Assimilation System. ETveg was close to potential ET, indicating abundant irrigation inputs. Monthly averaged ETveg varied from 1.5 ± 0.1 mm/d (December) to 4.3 ± 0.2 mm/d (June). Turfgrass was responsible for ∼70% of ETveg. For trees, angiosperm species (71% of all trees) contributed over 90% to total tree transpiration, while coniferous and palm species made very small contributions. ETland was linearly correlated with median household income across the city, confirming the importance of social factors in determining spatial distribution of urban vegetation. These estimates have important implications for constraining the municipal water budget of Los Angeles and improving regional‐scale hydrologic models, as well as for developing water‐saving practices. The methodology used in this study is also transferable to other semiarid regions for quantification of urban landscape ET.

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Biodiverse cities: the nursery industry, homeowners, and neighborhood differences drive urban tree composition

Avolio

Pataki

Trammell

et al. 2018

Ecological Monographs

136

116

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Abstract. In arid and semiarid regions, where few if any trees are native, city trees are largely human planted. Societal factors such as resident preferences for tree traits, nursery offerings, and neighborhood characteristics are potentially key drivers of urban tree community composition and diversity, however, they remain critically understudied. We investigated patterns of urban tree structure in residential neighborhoods of the Salt Lake Valley, Utah, combining biological variables, such as neighborhood and plant nursery tree species and trait composition, and sociological data comprised of resident surveys and U.S. Census data. We sampled nine neighborhoods that varied in household income and age of homes. We found more tree species were offered in locally owned nurseries compared with mass merchandiser stores and yard trees at private residences were more diverse than public street trees in the same neighborhoods. There were significant differences among neighborhoods in street and yard tree composition. Newer neighborhoods differed from older neighborhoods in street tree species composition and trait diversity, while neighborhoods varying in affluence differed in yard tree composition. Species richness of yard trees was positively correlated with neighborhood household income, while species richness of street trees was negatively correlated with home age of neighborhood residences. Tree traits differed across neighborhoods of varying ages, suggesting different tree availability and preferences over time. Last, there was a positive correlation between resident preferences for tree attributes and the number of trees that had those attributes both in residential yards and in nursery offerings. Strong relationships between social variables and urban tree composition provides evidence that resident preferences and nursery offerings affect patterns of biodiversity in cities across Salt Lake Valley. These findings can be applied toward efforts to increase taxonomic and functional diversity of city trees in semiarid regions in ways that will also provide ecosystem services of most interest to residents.

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Connecting people with ecosystems in the 21st century: an assessment of our nation's urban forests.

Cited by 106 publications

References 7 publications

Demand for urban forests in United States cities

Demand for urban forests in United States cities

Evapotranspiration of urban landscapes in Los Angeles, California at the municipal scale

Biodiverse cities: the nursery industry, homeowners, and neighborhood differences drive urban tree composition

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