Objective
The aims of this study were to examine associations between frequency of telerehabilitation and outcomes of functional status, number of visits, and patient satisfaction during COVID-19 and to compare functional status outcomes by telerehabilitation delivery mode for patients with low back pain.
Methods
Propensity score matching as used to match episodes of care with or without telerehabilitation exposure by the probability of receiving telerehabilitation. Functional status, visits, and satisfaction were compared for patients without telerehabilitation and those who received care by telerehabilitation for “any”, “few”, “most”, or “all” frequencies (4 matched samples), and functional status was compared for patients receiving synchronous, asynchronous, and mixed telerehabilitation modes (3 matched samples). Standardized differences were used to compare samples before and after matching. Outcomes between matched samples were compared using z tests with 95% CI.
Results
The sample consisted of 91,117 episodes of care from 1398 clinics located in 46 states (58% women; mean age = 55 [SD = 18]). Of those, only 5013 episodes (5.5%) involved any amount of telerehabilitation. All standardized differences between matched samples were < 0.1. There was no significant difference in functional status points (range = 0–100, with higher representing better functional status) between matched samples, except for episodes that had few (−1.7) and all (+2.0) telerehabilitation frequencies or that involved the asynchronous (−2.6) telerehabilitation mode. These point differences suggest limited clinical importance. Episodes with any telerehabilitation frequency involved significantly fewer visits (0.7 to 1.3) than episodes with no telerehabilitation, except that those with the “most” telerehabilitation frequency had nonsignificantly fewer visits (0.6). A smaller proportion of patients with telerehabilitation (−4.0%) than of patients with no telerehabilitation (−5.0%) reported being very satisfied with treatment results, except for those with the “All” telerehabilitation frequency.
Conclusions
A positive association between telerehabilitation and rehabilitation outcomes was observed, with a trend for better functional status outcomes and fewer visits when all care was delivered through telerehabilitation. Satisfaction tended to be lower with telerehabilitation use.