Connecting and separating mind-sets: Culture as situated cognition.

Abstract

5 Hong Kong Chinese; STUDY 6: Americans; STUDY 7: Norwegians; STUDY 8: African-, European-, and Asian-heritage Americans). Meta-analyses (d = .34) demonstrated homogeneous effects across geographic place (East-West), racial-ethnic group, task, and sensory mode-differences are cued in the moment. Contrast and separation are salient individual mind-set procedures, resulting in focus on a single target or main point. Assimilation and connection are salient collective mind-set procedures, resulting in focus on multiplicity and integration.

Conceptualizing psychological processes in response to globalization: Components, antecedents, and consequences of global orientations.

“…Research on the culture-as-situated-cognition model (Oyserman, Sorensen, Reber, & Chen, 2009) has shown that monocultural Americans are also subject to cultural priming effects and exhibit cognitive responses congruent with the primed individualistic or collectivistic cultural mindsets. In this case, what cultural primes activate is cognitive processes (contrast and separation vs. assimilation and connection), or what has been termed as the individualistic and collectivistic cultural syndromes available in any individual (Kashima, 2009;.…”

The New General Self-Efficacy Scale: A Matter of Language

“…Specifically, the research asks whether the language in which a general self-efficacy scale is presented (e.g., Arabic versus English) can activate a distinctive mind-set, and thus shape participants' responses accordingly. Consider, for instance, the NGSE scale (Chen, et al, 2001), which measures one's belief in a general sense of mastery that is not intended to reflect any particular skill, behavior or situation. This instrument includes eight statements, each one containing the pronoun "I", to which a person has to respond by indicating his/her agreement on a 5-point Likert scale from "strongly disagree" to "strongly agree".…”

“…There are general scales that measure an individual's overall sense of personal mastery, task-specific scales that measure competencies related to particular tasks, and domain-specific scales that assess competencies within a designed domain of knowledge and practice. For instance, the New General Self-Efficacy, NGSE, scale (Chen, Gully, & Eden, 2001) is intended to measure a general sense of mastery that is not tied to a particular situation or behavior. General self-efficacy is considered a motivational trait that emerges over a person's lifetime as an aggregate of the successes and failures experienced across domains, tasks, and situations (Bandura, 1997b;Eden, 1988).…”

“…The NGSE scale was selected over other scales of general self-efficacy for its desirable psychometric properties (Chen, et al, 2001), and for the absence of data from the collectivistic Arabic culture of Saudi Arabia. The reaction questionnaire contained at the top of each page not only one of the eight statements of the NGSE, but also a question regarding how the statement made the respondent feel and a question about what came to mind when the respondent read the statement.…”

“…Students were given a 10-page booklet containing two self-report measures, the New General Self-Efficacy Scale (NGSE; Chen et al, 2001) and a reaction questionnaire for each of the eight statements of the NGSE, and an English vocabulary test (Shipley, 1941). The NGSE scale was selected over other scales of general self-efficacy for its desirable psychometric properties (Chen, et al, 2001), and for the absence of data from the collectivistic Arabic culture of Saudi Arabia.…”