Conjugation strategies of DNA to gold nanoparticles

Abstract

DNA-modified gold nanoparticles (NPs) have been extensively explored in various applications including the construction of three-dimensional (3D) assembly architectures and biomedical applications. As ligand molecules, DNA strands can facilitate the building block function of gold NPs due to the inherent nature of DNA bonding, that is, Watson-Crick base pairing. In addition, the negative electrostatic character of DNA backbones renders colloidal gold NPs stability and robustness under various aqueous environments. Therefore, DNA conjugation to gold NP surfaces is a key step for stabilizing, controlling, and utilizing DNA-modified gold NPs, and the working conjugation strategy should be employed and implemented for a specific application. This review covers various DNA conjugation strategies to gold NPs with fundamental binding features of DNA strands with varying functional groups to gold NP surfaces. DNA grafting density and directional grafting strategies on gold NPs are also discussed, which is a key factor to construct 3D NP assembly architectures via DNA hybridization.

Synthesis of ultra‐small gold nanorods: Effect of reducing agent on reaction rate control

“…Gold nanorods are also attracting attention in nanomedical fields such as photothermal therapy, 16,17 photoacoustic imaging, 18–20 and drug delivery 21,22 . This attention results from their favorable characteristics of strongly absorbing and scattering light in the NIR region as well as stability, 23 biocompatibility, 24 and ease of surface modification 25–30 . For these applications, it is essential to synthesize ultra‐small gold nanorods with a uniform structure.…”

“…21,22 This attention results from their favorable characteristics of strongly absorbing and scattering light in the NIR region as well as stability, 23 biocompatibility, 24 and ease of surface modification. [25][26][27][28][29][30] For these applications, it is essential to synthesize ultrasmall gold nanorods with a uniform structure. This is because large particles take time to be eliminated from the body, which can present problems.…”

On-Demand Aligned DNA Hydrogel Via Light Scanning

“…Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a massively studied functional building block due to its functionalities and structural properties. , The negatively charged surface induced by the phosphate groups of DNA is dense enough to form an electrostatic interaction with the cationic additives. − The complementary bonding between the specific base pairs (e.g., adenine­(A)-thymine­(T), cytosine­(C)-guanine­(G)) develops the concept of DNA origami and tiles that form two- or three-dimensional nanostructures for applications such as soft robotics and drug delivery system. − Indeed, DNA’s intrinsic hygroscopy and biocompatibility make it possible to use it in the hydrogel. − …”

Development of porous calcite structure from industrial waste for efficient adsorbent for protein

“…5,6 Another way to separate protein is adsorption; in recent years, the adsorbent is packed in chromatographic columns to achieve superior capacity; however, the method has a limitation of long time required for adsorption equilibrium of internal matrix. [7][8][9][10] Calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ), which has three thermodynamically stable polymorphs of vaterite, aragonite and calcite, is regarded as a promising adsorbent for protein considering its widespread utility in biochemistry and the biocompatibility. [11][12][13] Although calcite itself is a promising adsorbent for protein, the capacity of protein adsorption has limitations.…”

“…Encapsulation of proteins can be applied in commercial scale by controlling the type of interaction either physically or chemically 5,6 . Another way to separate protein is adsorption; in recent years, the adsorbent is packed in chromatographic columns to achieve superior capacity; however, the method has a limitation of long time required for adsorption equilibrium of internal matrix 7–10 . Calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ), which has three thermodynamically stable polymorphs of vaterite, aragonite and calcite, is regarded as a promising adsorbent for protein considering its widespread utility in biochemistry and the biocompatibility 11–13 …”