“…The same may happen with two plasmids: one of them compensating for the cost of the other (San Millan, Heilbron, & MacLean, 2014; Silva et al, 2011). Furthermore, plasmids may interact with other plasmids in such a way as facilitating their transfer (Gama, Zilhao, & Dionisio, 2017a, 2017b). Finally, it has been suggested that most plasmids are perhaps costly if their fitness effect is measured within a short time of its isolation from nature (Gama et al, 2018; Lau, Malkus, & Paulsson, 2013).…”