Conjugated Polymer‐Based Blends, Copolymers, and Composites: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications

Ammonia Sensing by PANI-DBSA Based Gas Sensor Exploiting Kelvin Probe Technique

“…In the past, a number of papers reported the formation of PANI film based gas sensor that exploited change in resistance, optical property, resonance frequency, or contact potential difference (CPD) in response to ammonia gas or vapor [7,10,11,20,21]. However, there is no detailed report on the PANI based ammonia sensor that measures gas exposure actuated changes in CPD between PANI layer and metallic substrate.…”

“…However, they have disadvantages like complex fabrication steps, high power consumption, high temperature operation, and so forth [7,10,11]. In this context, conjugated polymers and their nanocomposites have shown great promise as gas sensing material due to advantages in terms of facile synthesis; tunable electrical and optoelectronic properties; processing via solution route; good sensitivity of their thin film based sensor towards a number of acidic/basic gases; improved response, recovery, and sensitivity and, most importantly, room temperature operation [7,[12][13][14][15][16][17].…”

“…However, they have disadvantages like complex fabrication steps, high power consumption, high temperature operation, and so forth [7,10,11]. In this context, conjugated polymers and their nanocomposites have shown great promise as gas sensing material due to advantages in terms of facile synthesis; tunable electrical and optoelectronic properties; processing via solution route; good sensitivity of their thin film based sensor towards a number of acidic/basic gases; improved response, recovery, and sensitivity and, most importantly, room temperature operation [7,[12][13][14][15][16][17]. Among various conducting polymers, polyaniline (PANI) is considered the most promising material for gas sensing purpose, due to its low monomer cost, lab scale synthesis via chemical route, and flexibility in tuning of electrical properties, particle morphology, environmental/thermal stability, and processability via selection of dopant and adjustment of oxidation level [7,12,18,19].…”

“…The hazardous effect of ammonia can be felt around few hundred ppm gas concentration [5]. Its pungent odor and irritation effect start to affect the human beings below 50 ppm level [2,6,7]. Therefore, there is a need for the development of ammonia gas sensor for timely detection of ppm level concentrations of ammonia.…”

“…Among various conducting polymers, polyaniline (PANI) is considered the most promising material for gas sensing purpose, due to its low monomer cost, lab scale synthesis via chemical route, and flexibility in tuning of electrical properties, particle morphology, environmental/thermal stability, and processability via selection of dopant and adjustment of oxidation level [7,12,18,19]. In particular, its ability to undergo nonredox doping via protonic acid dopants and undoping by base in reversible manner makes PANI an ideal candidate for sensing of a number of toxic gases having acidic/basic character or electron donating/accepting nature [7].…”