Conjugated equine estrogen used in postmenopausal women associated with a higher risk of stroke than estradiol

Chang, Wei‐Chuan; Wang, Jen-Hung; Ding, Dah-Ching

doi:10.1038/s41598-021-90357-6

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…In a retrospective cohort study in the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database, among females 40 to 65 years of age treated with postmenopausal hormone therapy, the incidence of ischemic stroke was 1.17-fold higher in females treated with conjugated equine estrogen than in those treated with estradiol (4.24 per 1000 person-years versus 3.61 per 1000 person-years; aHR, 1.23 [95% CI 1.05–1.44]). 146…”

Section: Stroke (Cerebrovascular Diseases)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association

Tsao¹,

Aday²,

Almarzooq³

et al. 2023

Circulation

3,184

702

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BACKGROUND: The American Heart Association, in conjunction with the National Institutes of Health, annually reports the most up-to-date statistics related to heart disease, stroke, and cardiovascular risk factors, including core health behaviors (smoking, physical activity, diet, and weight) and health factors (cholesterol, blood pressure, and glucose control) that contribute to cardiovascular health. The Statistical Update presents the latest data on a range of major clinical heart and circulatory disease conditions (including stroke, congenital heart disease, rhythm disorders, subclinical atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, heart failure, valvular disease, venous disease, and peripheral artery disease) and the associated outcomes (including quality of care, procedures, and economic costs). METHODS: The American Heart Association, through its Epidemiology and Prevention Statistics Committee, continuously monitors and evaluates sources of data on heart disease and stroke in the United States to provide the most current information available in the annual Statistical Update with review of published literature through the year before writing. The 2023 Statistical Update is the product of a full year’s worth of effort in 2022 by dedicated volunteer clinicians and scientists, committed government professionals, and American Heart Association staff members. The American Heart Association strives to further understand and help heal health problems inflicted by structural racism, a public health crisis that can significantly damage physical and mental health and perpetuate disparities in access to health care, education, income, housing, and several other factors vital to healthy lives. This year’s edition includes additional COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) publications, as well as data on the monitoring and benefits of cardiovascular health in the population, with an enhanced focus on health equity across several key domains. RESULTS: Each of the chapters in the Statistical Update focuses on a different topic related to heart disease and stroke statistics. CONCLUSIONS: The Statistical Update represents a critical resource for the lay public, policymakers, media professionals, clinicians, health care administrators, researchers, health advocates, and others seeking the best available data on these factors and conditions.

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Section: Stroke (Cerebrovascular Diseases)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association

Tsao¹,

Aday²,

Almarzooq³

et al. 2023

Circulation

3,184

702

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Section: Stroke (Cerebrovascular Diseases)mentioning

confidence: 99%

2024 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics: A Report of US and Global Data From the American Heart Association

Martin,

Aday,

Almarzooq

et al. 2024

Circulation

216

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BACKGROUND: The American Heart Association (AHA), in conjunction with the National Institutes of Health, annually reports the most up-to-date statistics related to heart disease, stroke, and cardiovascular risk factors, including core health behaviors (smoking, physical activity, nutrition, sleep, and obesity) and health factors (cholesterol, blood pressure, glucose control, and metabolic syndrome) that contribute to cardiovascular health. The AHA Heart Disease and Stroke Statistical Update presents the latest data on a range of major clinical heart and circulatory disease conditions (including stroke, brain health, complications of pregnancy, kidney disease, congenital heart disease, rhythm disorders, sudden cardiac arrest, subclinical atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, cardiomyopathy, heart failure, valvular disease, venous thromboembolism, and peripheral artery disease) and the associated outcomes (including quality of care, procedures, and economic costs). METHODS: The AHA, through its Epidemiology and Prevention Statistics Committee, continuously monitors and evaluates sources of data on heart disease and stroke in the United States and globally to provide the most current information available in the annual Statistical Update with review of published literature through the year before writing. The 2024 AHA Statistical Update is the product of a full year’s worth of effort in 2023 by dedicated volunteer clinicians and scientists, committed government professionals, and AHA staff members. The AHA strives to further understand and help heal health problems inflicted by structural racism, a public health crisis that can significantly damage physical and mental health and perpetuate disparities in access to health care, education, income, housing, and several other factors vital to healthy lives. This year’s edition includes additional global data, as well as data on the monitoring and benefits of cardiovascular health in the population, with an enhanced focus on health equity across several key domains. RESULTS: Each of the chapters in the Statistical Update focuses on a different topic related to heart disease and stroke statistics. CONCLUSIONS: The Statistical Update represents a critical resource for the lay public, policymakers, media professionals, clinicians, health care administrators, researchers, health advocates, and others seeking the best available data on these factors and conditions.

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“…Furthermore, epidemiological analysis of AD patients has shown that E2 use was of greater benefit to verbal memory than CEE [ 74 , 75 ]. Chang et al [ 194 ] demonstrated similar findings, showing that the action of CEEs caused a 1.17-fold increase in the incidence of ischemic stroke compared to users of E2. These results are likely dictated by differences in each formulation’s opportunity for conversion and binding affinity.…”

Section: Additional Factorsmentioning

confidence: 69%

Is Hormone Replacement Therapy a Risk Factor or a Therapeutic Option for Alzheimer’s Disease?

Mills

Faull

Kwakowsky

2023

IJMS

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Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that accounts for more than half of all dementia cases in the elderly. Interestingly, the clinical manifestations of AD disproportionately affect women, comprising two thirds of all AD cases. Although the underlying mechanisms for these sex differences are not fully elucidated, evidence suggests a link between menopause and a higher risk of developing AD, highlighting the critical role of decreased estrogen levels in AD pathogenesis. The focus of this review is to evaluate clinical and observational studies in women, which have investigated the impact of estrogens on cognition or attempted to answer the prevailing question regarding the use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) as a preventive or therapeutic option for AD. The articles were retrieved through a systematic review of the databases: OVID, SCOPUS, and PubMed (keywords “memory”, “dementia,” “cognition,” “Alzheimer’s disease”, “estrogen”, “estradiol”, “hormone therapy” and “hormone replacement therapy” and by searching reference sections from identified studies and review articles). This review presents the relevant literature available on the topic and discusses the mechanisms, effects, and hypotheses that contribute to the conflicting findings of HRT in the prevention and treatment of age-related cognitive deficits and AD. The literature suggests that estrogens have a clear role in modulating dementia risk, with reliable evidence showing that HRT can have both a beneficial and a deleterious effect. Importantly, recommendation for the use of HRT should consider the age of initiation and baseline characteristics, such as genotype and cardiovascular health, as well as the dosage, formulation, and duration of treatment until the risk factors that modulate the effects of HRT can be more thoroughly investigated or progress in the development of alternative treatments can be made.

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Conjugated equine estrogen used in postmenopausal women associated with a higher risk of stroke than estradiol

Cited by 7 publications

References 45 publications

Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association

Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association

2024 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics: A Report of US and Global Data From the American Heart Association

Is Hormone Replacement Therapy a Risk Factor or a Therapeutic Option for Alzheimer’s Disease?

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