Conjugated all‐carbon ladder polymers: improved solubility and molecular weights

Chmil, K.; Scherf, Ullrich

doi:10.1002/actp.1997.010480506

Cited by 41 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…[54,55] These also show blue-green luminescence (l max ¼ 478 nm and 484 nm) with some long wavelength emission in the solid state which is attributed to aggregates. Their EL efficiency is very low.…”

Section: Ladder-type Poly(para-phenylene)s (Lppps)mentioning

confidence: 96%

Oligomers and Polymers Based on Bridged Phenylenes as Electronic Materials

Grimsdale

Müllen

2007

Macromol. Rapid Commun.

191

154

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The synthesis, properties, and application in electronic devices of ladder and step‐ladder phenylene‐based oligomers and polymers are reviewed with an emphasis on control of properties by synthetic design. Bridged polyphenylenes can be prepared with a range of different amounts and types of bridges. Fully bridged polymers suffer the problem of incomplete formation of bridges during polymer analogous reactions. This problem is surmounted by the synthesis of regular stepladder polymers in which the monomers are well‐characterized oligo(ladder‐phenylene)s. By controlling the degree of bridging and thus the planarity of the polymer, its optical properties can be tuned. The optical and electronic properties can be further controlled by means of the type of bridges used.

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Section: Ladder-type Poly(para-phenylene)s (Lppps)mentioning

confidence: 96%

Oligomers and Polymers Based on Bridged Phenylenes as Electronic Materials

Grimsdale

Müllen

2007

Macromol. Rapid Commun.

191

154

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“…The synthesis of the single-stranded carbonyl-functionalized PPP-intermediate (4) via aryl-aryl homocoupling according to Yamamoto was described by Chmil and Scherf in two previous papers 7,12) . Completely soluble 2,5-benzoyl-substituted poly(para-phenylene)s 4 can be generated by polycondensation of 4,499-dialkyl-substituted 29,59-dibromoterephthalophenone monomers and possess number-average molecular weights up to 53 000 which corresponds to a degree of polymerization of A95.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strongly fluorescent ethylene-bridged poly(para-phenylene) ladder polymers

Förster¹,

Scherf²

2000

Macromol. Rapid Commun.

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“…A polymer-analogous ring closure similar to that of 2 and 3 afforded the ribbon structure 5, which was composed only of benzenoid rings and, thus, constituted a true graphene nanoribbon [129,130] (Scheme 3). As in 2 and 3, a successful two-step protocol was employed.…”

Section: Ribbon (Or Ladder) Polymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Graphene as a Target for Polymer Synthesis

Müllen

2013

Advances in Polymer Science

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Graphene has remarkable physical properties, but existing production methods have severe deficiencies that limit its potential use in robust technologies. Opening a reliable and efficient synthetic route to graphene and its functionalized derivatives offers a path to overcome this obstacle for its practical application. Graphene can be regarded as a two-dimensional polymer (2D), and it is here argued that it, along with its derivatives, represents a realistic yet challenging target for polymer synthesis.In order to demonstrate the possibility of such syntheses, an overview is presented on the evolution of phenylene-based macromolecules. It is shown how classical linear polyphenylenes can be expanded to increasingly more sophisticated structures involving two-and three-dimensional (3D) polyphenylene architectures. A crucial aspect of the meticulous synthetic design of these molecules has been the avoidance of defects within the structures, resulting in the precise control of their physical, especially optoelectronic, properties.Linear conjugated polymers with defined optical properties have been made by controlling the degree of torsion between the benzene rings. This has included the development of efficient routes to ladder-type polymers and of step-ladder materials. Planar graphene molecules, or nanographenes, in a range of sizes and shapes have been fabricated by the controlled cyclodehydrogenation of 3D polyphenylene dendrimers. By combining knowledge gained from the synthesis of conjugated polymers, polyphenylene dendrimers, and nanographenes, it has proven feasible to make, either by solution or surface-bound methods, graphene nanoribbons with well-defined structures. These functional materials possess properties similar to graphene while displaying improved processability.Finally, we review less-sophisticated paths towards graphene materials involving processing of graphene oxide, its reduction, and its hybridization with other components. These too have a role to play in acquiring functional graphenes where K. Müllen (*) Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany e-mail: muellen@mpip-mainz.mpg.de a lesser degree of control over the properties is required. This voyage of exploration towards the precise synthesis of conjugated phenylene-based polymers has thus had the dual objectives of fundamental research and practical materials science. En route we have had to meet the sometimes conflicting gauntlets thrown down by these two aims, which has at times involved trade-offs between the theoretically desirable and the reasonably accessible.

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Conjugated all‐carbon ladder polymers: improved solubility and molecular weights

Cited by 41 publications

References 22 publications

Oligomers and Polymers Based on Bridged Phenylenes as Electronic Materials

Oligomers and Polymers Based on Bridged Phenylenes as Electronic Materials

Strongly fluorescent ethylene-bridged poly(para-phenylene) ladder polymers

Graphene as a Target for Polymer Synthesis

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