Congruency effects on recognition memory: A context effect.

Rosner, Tamara M; Milliken, Bruce

doi:10.1037/cep0000049

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…A somewhat related literature has assessed incidental memory for the actual task stimuli in Stroop-type paradigms, with rather mixed results. Here, some studies have shown that participants can better remember incidentally encoded incongruent relative to congruent target stimuli, suggesting that conflict can enhance memory (Davis et al, 2019; Krebs et al, 2015; Ptok et al, 2019; Ptok et al, 2020; Rosner et al, 2015; Rosner & Milliken, 2015), while others have found null results or worse memory for incongruent targets (Jiménez et al, 2020; Ortiz-Tudela et al, 2017). Moreover, there is debate on whether putative memory enhancements may be driven by response conflict or semantic conflict (Muhmenthaler & Meier, 2019; Ptok et al, 2019; Ptok et al, 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Evaluating the learning of stimulus-control associations through incidental memory of reinforcement events.

Bejjani

Egner²

2021

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

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Cognitive control describes the ability to use internal goals to strategically guide how we process and respond to our environment. Changes in the environment lead to adaptation in control strategies. This type of control-learning can be observed in performance adjustments in response to varying proportions of easy to hard trials over blocks of trials on classic control tasks. Known as the list-wide proportion congruent (LWPC) effect, increased difficulty is met with enhanced attentional control. Recent research has shown that motivational manipulations may enhance the LWPC effect, but the underlying mechanisms are not yet understood. We manipulated Stroop proportion congruency over blocks of trials and after each trial, provided participants with either performance-contingent feedback ("correct/incorrect") or non-contingent feedback ("response logged") above trial-unique, task-irrelevant images (reinforcement events). The LWPC task was followed by a surprise recognition memory task, which allowed us to test whether attention to feedback (incidental memory for the images) varies as a function of proportion congruency, time, performance-contingency, and individual differences. We replicated a robust LWPC effect in a large sample (N = 402), but observed no differences in behavior between feedback groups. Importantly, the memory data revealed better encoding of feedback images from context-defining trials (e.g., congruent trials in a mostly congruent block), especially early in a new context, and in congruent conditions. Individual differences in reward and punishment sensitivity were not strongly associated with control-learning effects. These results suggest that statistical learning of contextual demand may have a larger impact on control-learning than individual differences in motivation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Evaluating the learning of stimulus-control associations through incidental memory of reinforcement events.

Bejjani

Egner²

2021

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

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“…However, recognition memory has also been shown to be improved for items previously presented with incongruent versus congruent distractors. Here, the increased need for cognitive control is thought to facilitate target encoding at the time of study improving later memory recognition (Krebs, Boehler, De Belder, & Egner, 2015; Rosner, D’Angelo, MacLellan, & Milliken, 2015; Rosner & Milliken, 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Memory-guided selective attention: Single experiences with conflict have long-lasting effects on cognitive control.

Brosowsky

Crump

2018

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

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Adjustments in cognitive control, as measured by congruency sequence effects, are thought to be influenced by both external stimuli and internal goals. However, this dichotomy has often overshadowed the potential contribution of past experience stored in memory. Here, we examine the role of long-term episodic memory in guiding selective attention. Our aim was to demonstrate new evidence that selective attention can be modulated by long-term retrieval of stimulus-specific attentional control settings. All the experiments used a modified flanker task involving multiple unique stimuli. Critically, each stimulus was only presented twice during the experiment: first as a prime, and second as a probe. Experiments 1 and 2 varied the number of intervening trials between prime and probe and manipulated the amount of conflict using a secondary task. Experiment 3 ensured that specific colors assigned to prime stimuli were not repeated when presented as probes. Across both Experiments 1 and 2, we consistently found smaller congruency effects on probe trials when its associated prime trial was incongruent compared with congruent, demonstrating long-term congruency sequence effects. However, Experiment 3 showed no evidence for long-term effects. These findings suggest long-term preservation of selective attention processing at the episodic level, and implicate a role for memory in updating cognitive control. (PsycINFO Database Record

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“…Incongruent words subsequently showed better recognition memory. Follow-up studies showed that this recognition memory effect was not simply driven by the additional time on task for incongruent trials in the word naming phase (Rosner and Milliken, 2015), but appears to be a consequence of the increased selective attention demands for incongruent items.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Congruency Encoding Effects on Recognition Memory: A Stage-Specific Account of Desirable Difficulty

et al. 2019

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Recent research suggests that selectively attending to relevant stimuli while having to ignore or resist conflicting stimuli can lead to improvements in learning. While mostly discussed within a broader “desirable difficulty” framework in the memory and education literatures, some recent work has focused on more mechanistic questions of how processing conflict (e.g., from incongruent primes) might elicit increased attention and control, producing enhanced incidental encoding of high-conflict stimuli. This encoding benefit for high-control-demand or high-difficulty situations has been broadly conceptualized as a task-general property, with no strong prediction of what particular task elements should produce this effect. From stage processing models of single- and dual-task performance, we propose that memory-enhancing difficulty manipulations should strongly depend on inducing additional cognitive control at particular processing stages. Over six experiments, we show that a memory benefit is produced when increased cognitive control ( via incongruency priming) focuses additional processing on the core meaning of to-be-tested stimuli at the semantic categorization stage. In contrast, incongruency priming targeted at response selection within the same task produces similar effects on initial task performance, but gives no memory benefit for high-conflict trials. We suggest that a simple model of limited-capacity and stage-specific cognitive control allocation can account for and predict where and when conflict/difficulty encoding benefits will occur, and may serve as a model for desirable difficulty effects more broadly.

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Congruency effects on recognition memory: A context effect.

Cited by 7 publications

References 39 publications

Evaluating the learning of stimulus-control associations through incidental memory of reinforcement events.

Evaluating the learning of stimulus-control associations through incidental memory of reinforcement events.

Memory-guided selective attention: Single experiences with conflict have long-lasting effects on cognitive control.

Congruency Encoding Effects on Recognition Memory: A Stage-Specific Account of Desirable Difficulty

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