Congo Red affects the growth, morphology and activity of glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase in the human pathogenic fungus Sporothrix schenckii

Sánchez-López, Juan Francisco; González-Ibarra, Joaquín; Macías-Segoviano, Juan Ignacio; Cuéllar‐Cruz, Mayra; Álvarez-Vargas, Aurelio; Cano-Canchola, Carmen; López-Romero, Everardo

doi:10.1007/s00203-018-1576-1

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…In S. schenckii, it is thought that the cell wall integrity pathway is activated to respond against cell wall disturbances, such as those generated by genetic means or by incubating with toxic compounds, like Congo Red [26,48,62]. The increment in the β-1,3-glucan content and its exposure at the cell surface of the GP70-silenced strains, along with overexpression of the putative ortholog of MCK1, may be explained by the activation of this pathway.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Silencing of Sporothrix schenckii GP70 Reveals Its Contribution to Fungal Adhesion, Virulence, and the Host–Fungus Interaction

López-Ramírez,

Martínez-Álvarez,

Martínez-Duncker

et al. 2024

JoF

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Sporothrix schenckii is one of the etiological agents of sporotrichosis, a cutaneous and subcutaneous infection distributed worldwide. Like other medically relevant fungi, its cell wall is a molecular scaffold to display virulence factors, such as protective pigments, hydrolytic enzymes, and adhesins. Cell wall proteins with adhesive properties have been previously reported, but only a handful of them have been identified and characterized. One of them is Gp70, an abundant cell wall protein mainly found on the surface of yeast-like cells. Since the protein also has a role in the activity of 3-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate cyclase and its abundance is low in highly virulent strains, its role in the Sporothrix–host interaction remains unclear. Here, a set of GP70-silenced strains was generated, and the molecular and phenotypical characterization was performed. The results showed that mutants with high silencing levels showed a significant reduction in the adhesion to laminin and fibrinogen, enzyme activity, and defects in the cell wall composition, which included reduced mannose, rhamnose, and protein content, accompanied by an increment in β-1,3-glucans levels. The cell wall N-linked glycan content was significantly reduced. These strains induced poor TNFα and IL-6 levels when interacting with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in a dectin-1-, TLR2-, and TLR4-dependent stimulation. The IL-1β and IL-10 levels were significantly higher and were stimulated via dectin-1. Phagocytosis and stimulation of neutrophil extracellular traps by human granulocytes were increased in highly GP70-silenced strains. Furthermore, these mutants showed virulence attenuation in the invertebrate model Galleria mellonella. Our results demonstrate that Gp70 is a versatile protein with adhesin properties, is responsible for the activity of 3-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate cyclase, and is relevant for the S. schenckii–host interaction.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Silencing of Sporothrix schenckii GP70 Reveals Its Contribution to Fungal Adhesion, Virulence, and the Host–Fungus Interaction

López-Ramírez,

Martínez-Álvarez,

Martínez-Duncker

et al. 2024

JoF

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“…In studies to investigate the compensatory cell responses to damage of the CW by perturbing agents, it was observed that 15 μM Congo red inhibits conidia germination of S. schenckii under conditions set for yeast development but not for mycelial growth, even at a 10-fold higher concentration. When the dye was added to yeast cells pre-grown in its absence, cells rapidly differentiated into mycelial cells, suggesting that this shift may be a strategy to evade the noxious effect of the dye [ 69 ]. Further studies confirmed the same behavior in S. globosa and showed that hypha returned to yeast-like cells as soon as the dye disappeared.…”

Section: Sporothrix and Sporotrichosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Fungal Glycosidases in Sporothrix Species and Candida albicans

Ortiz-Ramírez,

Cuéllar-Cruz,

Villagómez-Castro

et al. 2023

JoF

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Glycoside hydrolases (GHs) are enzymes that participate in many biological processes of fungi and other organisms by hydrolyzing glycosidic linkages in glycosides. They play fundamental roles in the degradation of carbohydrates and the assembly of glycoproteins and are important subjects of studies in molecular biology and biochemistry. Based on amino acid sequence similarities and 3-dimensional structures in the carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZy), they have been classified in 171 families. Members of some of these families also exhibit the activity of trans-glycosydase or glycosyl transferase (GT), i.e., they create a new glycosidic bond in a substrate instead of breaking it. Fungal glycosidases are important for virulence by aiding tissue adhesion and colonization, nutrition, immune evasion, biofilm formation, toxin release, and antibiotic resistance. Here, we review fungal glycosidases with a particular emphasis on Sporothrix species and C. albicans, two well-recognized human pathogens. Covered issues include a brief account of Sporothrix, sporotrichosis, the different types of glycosidases, their substrates, and mechanism of action, recent advances in their identification and characterization, their potential biotechnological applications, and the limitations and challenges of their study given the rather poor available information.

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Responses of Sporothrix globosa to the cell wall perturbing agents Congo Red and Calcofluor White

Cuéllar‐Cruz

López-Romero

2021

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

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Congo Red affects the growth, morphology and activity of glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase in the human pathogenic fungus Sporothrix schenckii

Cited by 5 publications

References 37 publications

Silencing of Sporothrix schenckii GP70 Reveals Its Contribution to Fungal Adhesion, Virulence, and the Host–Fungus Interaction

Silencing of Sporothrix schenckii GP70 Reveals Its Contribution to Fungal Adhesion, Virulence, and the Host–Fungus Interaction

Fungal Glycosidases in Sporothrix Species and Candida albicans

Responses of Sporothrix globosa to the cell wall perturbing agents Congo Red and Calcofluor White

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