“…To quantitatively analyze the effects of TCS on managing network mobility, [11] established a user equilibrium traffic assignment model under a given TCS, and explored the SO TCS design problem of which the optimization objective is to minimize the TTT of all travelers. This work was then widely extended by considering some more realistic factors in specific application scenarios, such as different market trading mechanisms with transaction costs [9,12], multiclass users with heterogeneous value of time (VOT) [10,13], mixed equilibrium behaviors [14], travelers' loss aversion behaviors [15], uncertainty of traffic network [16,17], along with network design problem under TCS [18], maximizing network reserve capacity [19,20], managing bottleneck congestion [21][22][23][24], dynamic traffic control based on macroscopic fundamental diagram (MFD) [25,26], designing implementation policies of TCS [6,27,28], and so on. For more studies on TCS, readers are referred to the latest review paper [29].…”