Congenital Toxoplasmosis

McAuley, James B.

doi:10.1001/archpedi.1990.02150300013006

Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med

1990

DOI: 10.1001/archpedi.1990.02150300013006

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Congenital Toxoplasmosis

James B. McAuley

Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Infection with Toxoplasma gondii is asymptomatic or mild in immunocompetent people and leads to lifelong immunity, but it can have serious consequences in pregnancy. About five per 1000 non-immune pregnant women may acquire toxoplasma infection, with a 10% to 100% risk of transmission to the baby. Risks of transmission to the baby are higher later in pregnancy, but risks of infection causing harm to the baby are greater earlier in pregnancy. METHODS AND OUTCOMES: We conducted a systematic review … Show more

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Cited by 56 publications

References 20 publications

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Apicomplexan parasites are attenuated by low-energy electron irradiation in an automated microfluidic system and protect against infection with Toxoplasma gondii

Finkensieper,

Mayerle,

Rentería-Solís

et al. 2023

Parasitol Res

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Radiation-attenuated intracellular parasites are promising immunization strategies. The irradiated parasites are able to invade host cells but fail to fully replicate, which allows for the generation of an efficient immune response. Available radiation technologies such as gamma rays require complex shielding constructions and are difficult to be integrated into pharmaceutical production processes. In this study, we evaluated for the first time low-energy electron irradiation (LEEI) as a method to generate replication-deficient Toxoplasma gondii and Cryptosporidium parvum. Similar to other radiation technologies, LEEI mainly damages nucleic acids; however, it is applicable in standard laboratories. By using a novel, continuous, and microfluidic-based LEEI process, tachyzoites of T. gondii and oocysts of C. parvum were irradiated and subsequently analyzed in vitro. The LEEI-treated parasites invaded host cells but were arrested in intracellular replication. Antibody-based analysis of surface proteins revealed no significant structural damage due to LEEI. Similarly, excystation rates of sporozoites from irradiated C. parvum oocysts were similar to those from untreated controls. Upon immunization of mice, LEEI-attenuated T. gondii tachyzoites induced high levels of antibodies and protected the animals from acute infection. These results suggest that LEEI is a useful technology for the generation of attenuated Apicomplexan parasites and has potential for the development of anti-parasitic vaccines.

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Apicomplexan parasites are attenuated by low-energy electron irradiation in an automated microfluidic system and protect against infection with Toxoplasma gondii

Finkensieper,

Mayerle,

Rentería-Solís

et al. 2023

Parasitol Res

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show abstract

Interpretation of the Elecsys Toxo IgG avidity results for very low and very high index: study on 741 sera with a determined date of toxoplasmosis

Fricker‐Hidalgo

L’Ollivier

Bosson

et al. 2016

Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis

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Initial results with the Elecsys Toxo IgG Avidity assay showed some potential for interpretation of a very low or very high index result. We aimed to examine these new insights into interpretation using a large panel of serum samples and to define the optimal thresholds. A total of 741 patient serum samples with known date of infection (from a few weeks to more than 9 months after infection), were analysed with the Elecsys Toxo IgG Avidity assay. Values ≥80% (threshold defined by the manufacturer) were reported in 289 sera; 288 sera were sampled more than 4 months after infection. Thus, avidity values ≥80% excluded an infection less than 4 months. Avidity values ≥90% were reported in 112 sera sampled more than 9 months after infection. Thus, avidity values ≥90% excluded infection less than 9 months. Moreover avidity values ≤15% were reported in the 62 sera sampled less than 3 months after infection. Thus avidity values ≤15% excluded infection more than 3 months.

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The pathogenesis of microcephaly resulting from congenital infections: why is my baby’s head so small?

Frenkel

Gómez

Sabahi

2017

Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis

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The emergence of Zika-virus-associated congenital microcephaly has engendered renewed interest in the pathogenesis of microcephaly induced by infectious agents. Three of the original "TORCH" agents are associated with an appreciable incidence of congenital microcephaly: cytomegalovirus, rubella virus, and Toxoplasma gondii. The pathology of congenital microcephaly is characterized by neurotropic infectious agents that involve the fetal nervous system, leading to brain destruction with calcifications, microcephaly, sensorineural hearing loss, and ophthalmologic abnormalities. The inflammatory reaction induced by these four agents has an important role in pathogenesis. The potential role of "strain differences" in pathogenesis of microcephaly by these four pathogens is examined. Specific epidemiologic factors, such as first and early second trimester maternal infection, and the manifestations of congenital infection in the infant, shed some light on the pathogenesis. Immune aspects of normal pregnancy and their role in congenital infections is examined. In this review, we integrate all these findings to create a unified hypothesis of the pathogenesis of congenital microcephaly induced by these infectious agents.

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Congenital Toxoplasmosis

Cited by 56 publications

References 20 publications

Apicomplexan parasites are attenuated by low-energy electron irradiation in an automated microfluidic system and protect against infection with Toxoplasma gondii

Apicomplexan parasites are attenuated by low-energy electron irradiation in an automated microfluidic system and protect against infection with Toxoplasma gondii

Interpretation of the Elecsys Toxo IgG avidity results for very low and very high index: study on 741 sera with a determined date of toxoplasmosis

The pathogenesis of microcephaly resulting from congenital infections: why is my baby’s head so small?

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