“…Although diagnosis of the FAS is based on recognition of growth deficiency and distinctive facial features (e.g., short palpebral fissures of the eye, a short upturned nose, diminished to absent groove from the nose to the upper lip, and thin upturned upper lip, , mental retardation has been observed in nearly all reports of the FAS (e.g., Dehaene et al, 1977;Fryns et al, 1977;Hall & Orenstein, 1974;Ijaiya, Schwenk, & Gladtke, 1976;Jones & Smith, 1975;Lemoine et al, 1968;Palmer et al, 1974;Root, Reiter, Andriola, & Duckett, 1975;Streissguth, 1976b), with intelligence scores ranging from borderline to severe mental retardation (Streissguth, 1976b). About 85% of all the children who were identified as having the FAS scored two or more standard deviations below the mean on standardized cognitive tests .…”