Congenital HIV

Abstract

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is caused by a cytopathic lentivirus. HIV without adequate treatment during pregnancy can result in maternal to child transmission (MCT) of the virus. Sequelae can include severe lifelong morbidities, shorter life expectancies, and high mortality rates without antiretroviral therapy. Purpose: To discuss epidemiological trends, pathophysiology, and clinical care guidelines including those for diagnosis, treatment, and management of MCT of HIV in the United States. To emphasize the importance of prompt identification, prophylaxis, and treatment of at-risk infants. Methods: PubMed, CINAHL, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar were used to search key words—maternal to child transmission, HIV, HIV in pregnancy, and neonatal HIV—for articles that were relevant and current. The World Health Organization, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and UNICEF were also utilized for up-to-date information on the topic. Findings: Timely identification, intervention, and treatment are necessary to prevent MCT of HIV. Membrane rupture duration is not associated with higher transmission rates with adequate viral suppression. Implications for Practice: An evidence-based maternal/neonatal collaborative approach to care for the prevention and management of MCT of HIV including adherence to combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) should be emphasized. Early testing, prophylaxis, and treatment for neonates at risk, as well as education on current clinical care guidelines for caregivers. Implications for Research: Pregnancy complications of cART. MCT rates in conjunction with birthing practices and restrictions among women living with HIV with low to undetectable viral loads.

A tool for estimating antiretroviral medication coverage for HIV-infected women during pregnancy (PMTCT-ACT)

“…Future research remains needed to develop a consensus on a ‘standard’ window during delivery for measuring coverage. Given that high rates of viral suppression are achieved with consistent adherence to antiretroviral medications, viral suppression in the mother protects her health and minimizes risks of congenital HIV in her newborn [36], and high rates of viral suppression are achieved after 24 weeks on ART [27], our use of at least 24 weeks as an example for PMTCT-ACT is logical. However, PMTCT-ACT can be easily adjusted to any other window of time.…”

Profile of Sexually Transmitted Infections in Quarantine Blood at the Indonesian Red Cross Blood Transfusion Unit, Depok City

“…Transmission to unborn babies can be prevented by using antiretroviral therapy (ARV) given under the supervision of a doctor. [19] HIV has symptoms of opportunistic infection when the immune system of AIDS sufferers is weak, and the body no longer responds to the treatment given. So, the opportunistic infections found are [20] Lung inflammation by pneumocystis crinii (PPC).…”