Congenital central nervous system malformations and vinyl chloride monomer exposure: A community study

EDMONDS, L; Anderson, CE; Flynt, Jr J W; Lm, James

doi:10.1002/tera.1420170205

Cited by 39 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…These studies grew out of suggestions that central nervous system malformation rates were high in communities with polyvinyl chloride polymerization plants (36). Studies in West Virginia (37) and Quebec (38) tested the suggested relationship using case-control studies and failed to demonstrate statistically significant associations. A more recent study in New Jersey found increased odds ratios for central nervous system defects in proximity to two vinyl chloride polymerization facilities, but the increases were not statistically significant (39).…”

Section: The Environment and Neural Tube Defectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Looking for Causes of Neural Tube Defects: Where Does the Environment Fit in?

Sever¹

1995

Environmental Health Perspectives

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The neural tube defects anencephaly and spina bifida are important causes of infant mortality and morbidity. Recent studies suggest that many of these defects can be prevented by the periconceptional use of folic acid. At the same time, we do not know what causes most cases of neural tube defects and there is evidence to suggest that they are etiologically heterogeneous. Additional research needs to be directed toward the role of occupational and environmental exposures in the etiology of these defects. Importantly, studies need to examine embryologically and anatomically specific types of defects and develop accurate information on biologically relevant exposures. Exposures toward which attention needs to be directed include organic solvents; agricultural chemicals, including pesticides; water nitrates; heavy metals such as mercury; ionizing radiation; and water disinfection by products. We also recommend that additional attention be paid to mechanisms of neural tube closure and to the potential role of genetic heterogeneity in the absorption and metabolism of xenobiotics and in their effects on the neural tube. -Environ Health Perspect 103(Suppl 6): 165-171 (1995)

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Section: The Environment and Neural Tube Defectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Looking for Causes of Neural Tube Defects: Where Does the Environment Fit in?

Sever¹

1995

Environmental Health Perspectives

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“…However, Pearn (63) noted that there is, to date, no experimental evidence to suggest that paternal exposure to agents can result in a teratogenic effect. Neither paternal nor maternal preconceptional occupational exposures have been extensively examined with regard to the risk of malformations in offspring (5,6,14,18,20,21,52,77,78,85). On the other hand, much more is known about how postconceptional occupational exposures may affect normal embryologic development (2, 7, 16, 22-24, 29, 30, 34-36,45, 47, 48, 50, 55, 59, 72).…”

Section: Biological Considerations Of Occupational Exposuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methodological considerations in the study of parental occupational exposures and congenital malformations in offspring.

Shaw¹,

Gold²

1988

Scand J Work Environ Health

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SHAW GM, GOLD EB. Methodological considerations in the study of parental occupational exposures and congenital malformation s in offspring. Scand J Work Env iron H ealth 14 (1988) 344-355. The existence of hazardous substances in the workplace has raised concerns about the potential of these substances for adverse reproductive effects. Identification of associations between parental occupational exposures and congenital malformations in the offspring may provide the opportunity for preventing such exposures and thus reduce the risk of malformations. However, there are many methodological considerations inherent in studying the potential relation between parental occupational exposures and congenital malformations in the offspring . Considerations relating to outcome include methods and timing of ascertaining cases with malformations , diagnostic criteria, and problems in grouping malformations for purpo ses of analysis. With regard to measuring exposures, issues include methods for obtaining valid estimates of the nature, duration, timing of exposure, and exposure-response relationship. Other methodological issues discussed include selection of appropriate reference groups, sample size, and multiple hypothesis testing.

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“…Data in the CDC's Birth Defects Monitoring Program suggested higher rates of central nervous system defects in some counties with vinyl chloride industrial plants. Further study failed to establish an association with parental exposure (26). Data from US monitoring systems were used to correlate sales of spray adhesives with birth defect rates; no correlation was found (32b).…”

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confidence: 99%

Monitoring for Congenital Malformations

Holtzman¹,

Khoury²

1986

Annu. Rev. Public Health

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Many countries instituted birth defects monitoring systems in the wake of the thalidomide tragedy. Having these systems in place will shorten the time before an alarm is signaled, should a teratogen of the potency of thalidomide be introduced. However, with stronger laws and regulations for testing drugs for adverse reproductive outcomes, a tragedy on the scale of thalidomide from ingestion of prescribed drugs by pregnant women is unlikely. Prospective parents could be exposed at the critical times to new physical, infectious, or nondrug chemical agents teratogenically as potent as thalidomide. (Teratogenic agents whose widespread use antedates monitoring will not cause rate changes or clusters detectable by monitoring.) What seems more likely is that the introduction of "weakly" teratogenic agents, or the inadvertent use of new drugs that are teratogenic, like isotretinoin, will be responsible for increases in birth defects. In neither of these situations are large numbers of cases likely to accumulate in short periods of time, particularly in the relatively small catchment areas (fewer than 50 to 100,000 births per year) of many monitoring programs. In addition to having to cope with this problem of rare outcomes, many monitoring systems have not been able to obtain complete ascertainment of CMs, at least not from single, rapidly reporting sources. Two remedies to these inadequacies are possible: Expand the catchment area. All births in the US, for instance, could be monitored if information on specific CMs was included on birth certificates, which were then transmitted to a central agency that could analyse the data rapidly. Alternatively, if different monitoring systems had comparable methods of ascertainment and diagnostic classifications, their data could be pooled with greater reliability than is currently possible. CMs in newborns are only one indicator of teratogenicity. At least 20% of all conceptions end in spontaneous abortions. A much higher proportion of abortuses have chromosome abnormalities, congenital malformations, or both, than newborns. The time necessary for such outcomes to manifest after the introduction of a new teratogen could be considerably shorter than the time before significant increases of CMs occurred in liveborns and stillborns. Monitoring the spontaneous abortion rate or chromosomal and other abnormalities in abortuses would be an important adjunct to monitoring newborns. However, since some teratogens may only cause CMs in newborns, the current approach to monitoring should not be abandoned. Moreover, the problems of ascertainment encountered in monitoring newborns are greater still in monitoring abortuses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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Congenital central nervous system malformations and vinyl chloride monomer exposure: A community study

Cited by 39 publications

References 3 publications

Looking for Causes of Neural Tube Defects: Where Does the Environment Fit in?

Looking for Causes of Neural Tube Defects: Where Does the Environment Fit in?

Methodological considerations in the study of parental occupational exposures and congenital malformations in offspring.

Monitoring for Congenital Malformations

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