“…Congenital aural atresia has been frequently reported in the clinical record but has rarely been recorded in the archaeological literature. Several examples have been recovered from prehispanic Peruvian contexts (Hrdlička, 1933), with other reported cases in the United Kingdom (Knüsel & Bowman, 1996;Wells, 1962), Czech Republic (Vyhnanek & Kuzelka, 1998), United States (Hodges et al, 1990;Hrdlička, 1933), and more recently in Bulgaria, Canada, and Venezuela (Keenleyside, 2011;Swanston et al, 2011;van Duijvenbode et al, 2015). This article will explore the condition, the social context of archaeological cases, and review a new discovery of congenital aural atresia in an Ychsma group burial at Pachacamac, Peru.…”