Confucian philosophy and contemporary Chinese societal attitudes toward people with disabilities and inclusive education

Parental expectations of raising a child with disability in decision-making for prenatal testing and termination of pregnancy: A mixed methods study

“…On the other hand, Chinese culture, which emphasizes social interdependence and promotes the Confucian virtues of filial piety and family-centeredness, entails the kin obligation that leads to greater fecundity and reproductive fitness in the next generation [19]. A family should consist of strong collective bonds, such that everyone assumes mutual responsibility and shows reciprocity in looking after each other [20]. Children with disability, however, are regarded as an inharmonious group in society and would be incapable of fulfilling the expectation of filial piety toward the family [21].…”

Family‐oriented practice in disability Services in Hong Kong: A cross‐sectoral social work perspectives in the fields of intellectual disability and mental illness

“…Nonetheless, for taking care of ‘forever children’ or ‘forever patients’, a safe environment was seen as a core strategy to prevent them from potential hurt, harm or relapse, that further affects the whole family. This may not only indicate a more adverse social environment but also reflect the closer family relationship in the Hong Kong context (Zhang & Rosen, 2018 ). Within this more fused relationship, the function of family members' immediate reactions to unknown risks is to comfort the emotion of members within the whole family system, but not necessarily in line with clients' individual needs (Brown, 1999 ).…”

“…People with disabilities are culturally represented as the typically vulnerable people who should be looked after by family members. Moreover, a disability was traditionally viewed as a punishment for family sins (Yeung Yuen, 2005 ), leading to a widespread social stigma and discrimination not only against people with disabilities but also their family members (Chiu et al, 2013 ; Zhang & Rosen, 2018 ). Today, many Chinese families still feel a sense of shame about having a relative with disability and do not want to spread the ‘shameful’ fact out of family (Huang et al, 2020 ).…”

Acquiescence or Resistance: Group Norms and Self-Interest Motivation in Unethical Consumer Behaviour

“…Literature has shown that the thought of benevolence (ren) is the centre of Confucian philosophy and Chinese individuals are influenced by this kind of thought for a long time [82]. Confucianism is a complex and comprehensive system of moral, social, philosophical thoughts and it provides a guide for Chinese individuals to get along with others [83]. Chinese consumers pay more attention to the level of others' welfare under the influence of benevolence rather than being egoistical.…”