Confronting the Epidemic: The Need for Global Solutions

Rigby, Neville; Kumanyika, Shiriki; James, W Phillip T

doi:10.1057/palgrave.jphp.3190040

Cited by 41 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 12 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…For example, although obesity rates are rising worldwide, they have been high in the United States for decades (Peppard et al, 2009). Obesity is known to cause increased hypoxia owing to sleep apnea and thereby may create a mood disturbance (Rigby et al, 2004); one might anticipate that the altitudesuicide finding might be heightened in obese individuals. Known periodic breathing at high altitude may further exacerbate the effects of sleep apnea and nocturnal hypoxia (West et al, 1986, Khoo et al, 1996Bloch, 2010).…”

Section: Us Suicide Rates Increase With Altitudementioning

confidence: 99%

Positive Association between Altitude and Suicide in 2584 U.S. Counties

Brenner

Cheng

Clark

et al. 2011

High Altitude Medicine & Biology

114

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Positive association between altitude and suicide in 2584 U.S.counties. High Alt. Med. Biol. 12: 31-35, 2011.-Suicide is an important public health problem worldwide. Recent preliminary studies have reported a positive correlation between mean altitude and the suicide rate of the 48 contiguous U.S.states. Because intrastate altitude may have large variation, we examined all 2584 U.S. counties to evaluate whether an independent relationship between altitude and suicide exists. We hypothesized that counties at higher elevation would have higher suicide rates. This retrospective study examines 20 yr of county-specific mortality data from 1979 to 1998. County altitude was obtained from the U.S. Geologic Survey. Statistical analysis included Pearson correlation, t tests, and multivariable linear and logistic regression. Although there was a negative correlation between county altitude and all-cause mortality (r ¼ À0.31, p < 0.001), there was a strong positive correlation between altitude and suicide rate (r ¼ 0.50, p < 0.001). Mean altitude differed in the 50 counties, with the highest suicide rates compared to those with the lowest rates (4684 vs. 582 ft, p < 0.001). Controlling for percent of age >50 yr, percent male, percent white, median household income, and population density of each county, the higher-altitude counties had significantly higher suicide rates than the lower-altitude counties. Similar findings were observed for both firearm-related suicides (59% of suicides) and nonfirearm-related suicides. We conclude that altitude may be a novel risk factor for suicide in the contiguous United States.

show abstract

Section: Us Suicide Rates Increase With Altitudementioning

confidence: 99%

Positive Association between Altitude and Suicide in 2584 U.S. Counties

Brenner

Cheng

Clark

et al. 2011

High Altitude Medicine & Biology

114

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This sales competition takes place through new or improved products, increased portions, health claims, advertising, and campaigns at special groups such as children 199 , all the while aiming to increase prices as well as sales volumes. Furthermore, government subsidies have facilitated the increased manufacture of cheap, high-fat and -sugar snacks and drinks 200 . Industry (i.e.…”

Section: The Macro-environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

The aetiology of childhood obesity: a review

Procter

2007

Nutr. Res. Rev.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Whilst the prevention of childhood obesity is the only viable, enduring, cost-effective solution to the obesity epidemic, effective methods for it remain elusive. Furthermore, strategies to influence obesogenic environments remain relatively unexplored. In order to be able to develop powerful population-level interventions and public health policies to prevent childhood obesity, it is important to understand its aetiology and those environments that are most amenable to measurable change. First, the present paper considers why we should be concerned about obesity in children, from both the perspective of the increased health risk to the individual and the high economic cost of treatment of obesity and related diseases, highlighting why the prevention of childhood obesity is important. Next, the determinants of health behaviour and the obesogenic environment are explored, which helps us to understand why the aetiology is so complex and that potential causal factors should not be considered in isolation, as the interaction between these factors is also important. The paper then considers the multi-factorial aetiology of childhood obesity and the rationale for the increasing trends in obesity that are evident, in order to understand what is changing in society and our children's behaviour that is triggering the positive energy balance leading to obesity. The review emphasises the need for multi-level approaches if we truly want to prevent childhood obesity. It also serves to highlight that there is a need to extend the current research base in order to build a well-founded framework to form the basis of a strategy for the prevention of childhood obesity.Aetiology of childhood obesity: Prevention of obesity: Obesogenic environments

show abstract

“…1,2 Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys show that approximately 62 and 34% of the adult population in the United States are overweight or obese, respectively, and these figures have increased by approximately 10% between National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys III (1988)(1989)(1990)(1991)(1992)(1993)(1994) and National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 1999-2002. [3][4][5] Unfortunately, the situation is likely to worsen significantly given the greatest increase in the prevalence of obesity appears to be in young children.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity in C57BL/6J mice is characterized by adipose tissue hypoxia and cytotoxic T-cell infiltration

et al. 2007

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Obesity is currently viewed as a state of chronic low-grade inflammation in which there is a pro-inflammatory alteration in the serum adipocytokine profile as well as an infiltration of white adipose tissue by activated macrophages. The etiology of this inflammation, however, is poorly understood. Methods: Hypothesizing that local hypoxia within expanding white adipose tissue depots may contribute to obesity-related inflammation, we compared body composition, serum inflammatory marker concentrations and the expression of several hypoxia-regulated genes in white adipose tissue derived from lean, dietary-induced obese (DIO) and ob/ob male C57BL/6J mice. We also examined white adipose tissue for the presence of hypoxia using both a pimonidazole-based antibody system and a fiberoptic sensor for real-time pO 2 quantification in vivo. Finally, using cell-specific leukocyte antibodies, we performed immunohistochemistry and flow cytometric analyses to further characterize the cellular nature of adipose inflammation. Results: We determined that obesity in male C57BL/6J mice is associated with increased expression of HIF (hypoxia-inducible factor) isoforms and GLUT-1, and that white adipose tissue hypoxia was present in the obese mice. Immunohistochemistry revealed hypoxic areas to colocalize predominantly with F4/80 þ macrophages. Interestingly, CD3 þ T cells were present in large numbers within the adipose of both DIO and ob/ob obese mice, and flow cytometry revealed their adipose to possess significantly more CD8 þ T cells than their lean cohort. Conclusions: White adipose hypoxia and cytotoxic T-cell invasion are features of obesity in C57BL/6J mice and are potential contributors to their local and generalized inflammatory state.

show abstract

Confronting the Epidemic: The Need for Global Solutions

Cited by 41 publications

References 12 publications

Positive Association between Altitude and Suicide in 2584 U.S. Counties

Positive Association between Altitude and Suicide in 2584 U.S. Counties

The aetiology of childhood obesity: a review

Obesity in C57BL/6J mice is characterized by adipose tissue hypoxia and cytotoxic T-cell infiltration

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About