Confounding Factors in the Measurement of Depression in HIV

Ce, Drebing; Wg, van Gorp; Hinkin, Charles H.; Miller, Eric N.; Satz, Paul; Ds, Kim; Holston, Steven G.; Lf, D'Elia

doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa6201_7

Cited by 28 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…However, the results are not very consistent, some studies showing that the presence of depressive symptoms is associated with poorer neuropsychological performance, 12–14 whereas other authors did not find this relationship 15–21 . Some authors have suggested that this lack of agreement may be related to other factors such as the instruments used to measure mood, 12,22–24 or the stage of infection of the patients at the time of evaluation 25–27 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Influence of depressed mood on neuropsychologic performance in HIV‐seropositive drug users

Vázquéz-Justo¹,

Álvarez²,

Otero

2003

Psychiatry Clin Neurosci

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Some studies point out that depression affects the performance of HIV patients in neuropsychological tasks, but at present this effect is not clear. The purpose of the present paper was to study whether the presence of symptoms of depression affects the neuropsychologic performance of seropositive drug users in tasks of attention/concentration, learning and memory, language, construction and visuospatial function, speed of motor performance, cognitive flexibility, manual skill and concept formation and reasoning. In order to carry out this research a sample consisting of 127 male volunteer subjects was used. These subjects were distributed in four groups: one group consisted of HIV-seropositive drug users with symptoms of depression ( n = 33); the second group consisted of HIV-seropositive drug users without symptoms of depression ( n = 47); the third group was formed by HIV-seronegative drug users with symptoms of depression ( n = 15) and the fourth group was formed by HIV-seronegative drug users without symptoms of depression ( n = 32). The results reveal the effect of symptoms of depression (evaluated by the Beck Depression Inventory) on the neuropsychologic performance of seropositive drug users. This effect, however, was not observed in the seronegative group. These findings lead us to suggest that symptoms of depression constitute a risk factor for presenting neuropsychologic disturbances in seropositive subjects, which could well be acting as a factor that foments the neuropsychological effects of HIV.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Influence of depressed mood on neuropsychologic performance in HIV‐seropositive drug users

Vázquéz-Justo¹,

Álvarez²,

Otero

2003

Psychiatry Clin Neurosci

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“…Internal consistency for our total sample was good at 0.91. The CES-D is an appropriate measure of depression in an HIV-positive population, because it is less prone to inflation due to somatic and neurological symptoms endorsed by HIV-positive individuals than other depression measures (Drebing et al 1994;Radloff 1977).…”

Section: Depressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A review of the literature as well as our initial bivariate analyses uncovered the AIDS Behav (2010) 14:390-400 393 importance of controlling for symptom load (e.g. Drebing et al 1994), gender, age, years since HIV diagnosis, and ethnicity in HIV-positive individuals, to protect the model from a possible confound.…”

Section: Data Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender Differences in HIV-Related Coping and Depression

et al. 2008

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Our study examined differences in HIV-related coping in relation to depression in men and women. Ethnically diverse participants (n = 247, 46% women) were recruited in Dallas/Fort Worth and completed medical and demographic information, the Coping with HIV Scale (CHIV), and the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale (CES-D). Multiple regression analyses revealed that in men, depression was associated with symptoms, higher use of distraction, blame, expression and lower use of positive growth. In women, depression was associated with symptoms and higher use of blame. These results shed light on the ways in which each gender copes with HIV and may help researchers develop interventions tailored to the needs of the HIV-positive population.

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“…1 In the pre-highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era, depressive symptoms and other mood problems were shown to be substantial problems for patients with HIV/AIDS. [2][3][4][5] Although there is some evidence to indicate that with the advent of HAART and improved long-term prognosis, the rates of mood disorders may have decreased, those findings have been inconsistent, and mood disorders continue to be a substantial problem in both women and men with HIV. [6][7][8][9][10][11][12] In a recent investigation of veterans with HIV, the majority of patients reported having significant levels of depressive symptoms.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Religion, spirituality, and depressive symptoms in patients with HIV/AIDS

Mrus

Wade

et al. 2006

J Gen Intern Med

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BACKGROUND: Depression has been linked to immune function and mortality in patients with chronic illnesses. Factors such as poorer spiritual well‐being has been linked to increased risk for depression and other mood disorders in patients with HIV. OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine how specific dimensions of religion, spirituality, and other factors relate to depressive symptoms in a contemporary, multi‐center cohort of patients with HIV/AIDS. DESIGN: Patients were recruited from 4 medical centers in 3 cities in 2002 to 2003, and trained interviewers administered the questionnaires. The level of depressive symptoms was measured with the 10‐item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CESD‐10) Scale. Independent variables included socio‐demographics, clinical information, 8 dimensions of health status and concerns, symptoms, social support, risk attitudes, self‐esteem, spirituality, religious affiliation, religiosity, and religious coping. We examined the bivariate and multivariable associations of religiosity, spirituality, and depressive symptoms. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: We collected data from 450 subjects. Their mean (SD) age was 43.8 (8.4) years; 387 (86.0%) were male; 204 (45.3%) were white; and their mean CD4 count was 420.5 (301.0). Two hundred forty‐one (53.6%) fit the criteria for significant depressive symptoms (CESD‐10 score ≥10). In multivariable analyses, having greater health worries, less comfort with how one contracted HIV, more HIV‐related symptoms, less social support, and lower spiritual well‐being was associated with significant depressive symptoms (P<.05). CONCLUSION: A majority of patients with HIV reported having significant depressive symptoms. Poorer health status and perceptions, less social support, and lower spiritual well‐being were related to significant depressive symptoms, while personal religiosity and having a religious affiliation was not associated when controlling for other factors. Helping to address the spiritual needs of patients in the medical or community setting may be one way to decrease depressive symptoms in patients with HIV/AIDS.

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Confounding Factors in the Measurement of Depression in HIV

Cited by 28 publications

References 33 publications

Influence of depressed mood on neuropsychologic performance in HIV‐seropositive drug users

Influence of depressed mood on neuropsychologic performance in HIV‐seropositive drug users

Gender Differences in HIV-Related Coping and Depression

Religion, spirituality, and depressive symptoms in patients with HIV/AIDS

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