The study describes a simple yet robust methodology for
forming
gradients in polymer coatings with nanometer-thickness precision.
The thickness gradients of 0–20 nm in the coating are obtained
by a reactive layer-by-layer assembly of polyester and polyethylenimine
on gold substrates. Three parameters are important in forming thickness
gradients: (i) the incubation time, (ii) the incubation concentration
of the polymer solutions, and (iii) the tilt angle of the gold substrate
during the dipping process. After examining these parameters, the
characterization of the anisotropic surface obtained under the best
conditions is presented in the manuscript. The thickness profile and
nanomechanical characterization of the polymer gradients are characterized
by atomic force microscopy. The roughness analysis has demonstrated
that the coating exhibited decreasing roughness with increasing thickness.
On the other hand, Young’s moduli of the thin and thick coatings
are 0.50 and 1.4 MPa, respectively, which assured an increase in mechanical
stability with increasing coating thickness. Angle-dependent infrared
spectroscopy reveals that the C–O–C ester groups of
the polyesters exhibit a perpendicular orientation to the surface,
while the CC groups are parallel to the surface. The surface
properties of the polymer gradients are explored by fluorescence microscopy,
proving that the dye’s fluorescence intensity increases as
the coating thickness increases. The significant benefit of the suggested
methodology is that it promises thickness control of gradients in
the coating as a consequence of the fast reaction kinetics between
layers and the reaction time.