Conformation of the ambulacrum of <i>Varroa Jacobsoni</i> oudemans (Mesostigmata: Varroidae): A grasping structure

Ramírez, William; Malavasi, Jollyanna

doi:10.1080/01647959108683903

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Consequently, the fall of ticks on the bottom board is facilitated, leading to their death of starvation (Ramirez and Malavasi, 1991;Ramirez, 1994). The advantages of the treatment with pulverised sugar are the fact that it lacks toxicity (Pettis et al 2004b), is applicable throughout the year, including the period of honey harvest, its capability of stimulating the egg laying and brood nursing (Ambrose, 1992), and, what is possibly most important, the fact that it does not lead to resistance (Ramirez, 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Application of pulverised sugar in combat against Varroa is based on the presumption that the particles adhere to the ticks' pads (Liu and Peng, 1990), thus disabling their fastening to any surface including the bodies of the bees (Ramirez and Malavasi, 1991;Ramirez, 1994). Consequently, the fall of ticks on the bottom board is facilitated, leading to their death of starvation (Ramirez and Malavasi, 1991;Ramirez, 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The influence of pulverised sugar dusting on the degree of infestation of honey bee colonies with Varroa destructor

Stanimirović¹,

Aleksić²,

Stevanović³

et al. 2011

Acta vet. (Beogr.)

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The aim of this work was the investigation on the efficacy of pulverised sugar dusting on knocking-down Varroa destructor mites and the influence of the dynamics of the treatment on the degree of infestation in honey bee colonies. Two methods were deployed to measure the degree of infestation of bee colonies with V. destructor mites: the sugar shake method and the technique which involves mesh bottom boards equipped with sticky inserts. The research was carried out on 30 strong honey bee colonies in three successive years. The results proved that dusting with pulverised sugar (particle diameter below 40 μm) influenced the fall of V. destructor in comparison with both their fall off prior to the treatment and the negative control. The most discernible effects on the mite fall and the decline in their population in the hives was obtained with dustings repeated at threeday intervals. To conclude, the dynamics of the treatment affected the degree of infestation in bee colonies. However, the efficacy of sugar dusting was significantly lower in comparison with the one of flumethrin (positive control). Thus, in spite of considerable favourable effects on the decline in the degree of infestation with mites, by no means may dusting with pulverised sugar be advised to beekeepers as the one and only means of bee protection against V. destructor. The use of the technique which involves mesh bottom boards equipped with sticky inserts proved more efficacious and sensitive in the judgment of the degree of infestation of bee colonies in comparison with the sugar shake method, which includes dusting 300 bees with 40 g of pulverised sugar (particle diameter below 40 μm)

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of pulverised sugar dusting on the degree of infestation of honey bee colonies with Varroa destructor

Stanimirović¹,

Aleksić²,

Stevanović³

et al. 2011

Acta vet. (Beogr.)

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“…Other methods that have been described include heating adult bees to 46°-47°C to dislodge mites (Crane, 1979) and examining combs for mite faeces (Erickson, 1996). Ramirez (1987) and Shah & Shah (1988) reported that wheat flour was useful in controlling varroa. In 1991, Loglio & Pinessi reported dislodging mites when bees on the combs were repeatedly dusted with wheat flour.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ritter (1993) suggested that powdered sugar or mineral meal could be used to control varroa alone or as a vehicle to deliver acaricides. Ramirez & Malavasi (1991) speculated that these materials interfere with the ability of the mite's ambulacrum to cling to the bee's body. Dust treatments have not been widely adopted by beekeepers because they require removing combs individually for dusting.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using inert dusts to detect and assess varroa infestations in honey bee colonies

Macedo

Ellis

2002

Journal of Apicultural Research

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SUMMARYDetection and assessment of varroa infestations in honey bee colonies are important for successful beekeeping. We examined the use of inert dusts to dislodge mites from adult honey bees that were isolated from their nest. Six dusts (powdered sugar, fine sugar, wheat flour, talcum powder, corn starch and baking soda) were evaluated for their ability to dislodge mites from adult bees collected in jars. We obtained the highest recovery rate with powdered sugar (92.9 ± 5.5%) and talcum powder (84.0 ± 5.6%). We also examined mite survival after recovery with inert dusts and compared it to mite survival after recovery from brood. After 24 h mite survival was significantly greater when mites were recovered with corn starch, powdered sugar, and from brood (F = 22.88, d.f. = 6,35, P <0.0001). Finally, ether and powdered sugar were compared as tools for detecting and assessing the degree of infestation. Powdered sugar did not differ from ether in detecting or assessing low (1-5 mites per sample) infestation levels (F = 2.81, d.f. = 1,49, P = 0.1). At medium (6-30 mites per sample) and high (> 30 mites per sample) infestation levels, more mites were recovered with powdered sugar (medium: F = 14.28, d.f. = 1,29, P = 0.008; high: F = 6.34, d.f. = 1,17, P = 0.023).

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“…Dust particles adhere to the ambulacrum of V. destructor and prevent the mites from adhering to the bees or other surfaces (Ramirez, 1989). The mites then fall down to the bottom of the hive where they starve to death, as they are unable to move on the dusty surface (Ramirez and Malavasi, 1991;Ramirez, 1994). Encouraging results were obtained in these trials, especially in the absence of brood, but the particle sizes of the dusts used were not reported.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effectiveness of confectioner sugar dusting to knock down Varroa destructor from adult honey bees in laboratory trials

Fakhimzadeh

2001

Apidologie

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-Direct and air-assisted dusting of fine confectioner sugar (25-40 µm mean particle size) with and without pre-anesthesia of honey bees by CO 2 were studied as a physical control method of Varroa destructor under laboratory conditions on samples of 78 bees (range 49-107). CO 2 anesthesia alone had no effect, while sugar dusting resulted in significant mite knock down. CO 2 anesthesia did not affect the effectiveness of sugar dusting, and mean mite fall over 2 days resulting from direct dusting with 5 g sugar and from air-assisted dusting with 0.5 g sugar per sample was 91% and 62%, respectively, and this difference was significant (P = 0.001). Ninety-nine percent of the mites in the sugar treatment fell within 18 h of treatment. As a possible side-effect of the dusting, the presence of sugar particles in the T2 spiracles and their tracheal ducts from treated honey bees was investigated under scanning electron microscope. No sugar particles were found in them.Varroa destructor / varroosis control / dusting / CO 2 / tracheal ducts Loglio, 1996). Dust particles adhere to the ambulacrum of V. destructor and prevent the mites from adhering to the bees or other surfaces (Ramirez, 1989). The mites then fall down to the bottom of the hive where they starve to death, as they are unable to move on the dusty surface (Ramirez and Malavasi, 1991;Ramirez, 1994). Encouraging results were obtained in these trials, especially in the absence of brood, but the particle sizes of the dusts used were not reported. Fakhimzadeh (2000) tested the effect on V. destructor of dusting with an air sprayer 15 and 20 g of confectioner sugar with particle sizes mostly below 40 µm onto one and two-story colonies, respectively, and he found significant mite fall after the treatments. Similarly, by dusting adult bees (ca. 350 individuals) with confectioner sugar in a wide mouth jar, Macedo and Ellis (2000) found that a high number of mites were dislodged from the bees.The impact of such dusting on honey bees is not well known. The breathing apertures of the honey bee consist of ten pairs of spiracles in both larva and adult, from T2 to A8 (Dade, 1977;Erickson et al., 1986;Snodgrass and Erickson, 1992). All spiracles have muscleoperated valves, except for the T3 spiracles which are minute and lie between the upper ends of the mesepimeron and the metapleuron. Both active and inactive honey bees inhale through the T2 spiracles by the pumping movements of the abdomen (Bailey, 1954;Snodgrass, 1956). The valve of T2 spiracles can not be completely closed, hence the tracheal mite Acarapis woodi Rennie is able to enter this spiracle, but none of the others (Dade, 1977). Similarly, confectioner sugar particles used for the control of V. destructor could hypothetically penetrate through T2 spiracle and interfere with the breathing of the bees.Two laboratory trials were conducted to quantify the effectiveness of confectioner sugar dusting to knock down V. destructor and to determine whether the sugar particles could penetrate into the respiratory sy...

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Conformation of the ambulacrum of Varroa Jacobsoni oudemans (Mesostigmata: Varroidae): A grasping structure

Cited by 8 publications

References 12 publications

The influence of pulverised sugar dusting on the degree of infestation of honey bee colonies with Varroa destructor

The influence of pulverised sugar dusting on the degree of infestation of honey bee colonies with Varroa destructor

Using inert dusts to detect and assess varroa infestations in honey bee colonies

Effectiveness of confectioner sugar dusting to knock down Varroa destructor from adult honey bees in laboratory trials

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