Confocal Raman imaging, FTIR spectroscopy and kinetic modelling of the zinc oxide/stearic acid reaction in a vulcanizing rubber

Musto, Pellegrino; Larobina, Domenico; Cotugno, S.; Straffi, Paolo; Florio, Giuseppe Di; Mensitieri, Giuseppe

doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2012.12.021

Cited by 22 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Additionally, it is also evident from Figure that the intensities for all the compounds having different ZnSt concentration are comparable at 1587 cm −1 . This implicates that in the present study, the tetra coordinated zinc carboxylate ionomer is formed for all the samples, while it is reported for highly loaded ZnSt compound that the hexa coordinated ionomeric structure is mostly favored …”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 67%

“…Figure shows the FTIR spectra of the different rubber compounds used in the study and the specimens were scanned in this spectroscopic study from 4000 to 600 cm −1 , out of which, the most significant range: 1625–1350 cm −1 is presented in Figure , and this range has been extensively investigated in the literature . The highest intense peak in Figure at 1539 cm −1 attributes to the hexa‐coordinated chemical structure of zinc carboxylate ionic salt, while the peak at 1587 cm −1 is due to the tetra‐coordinated form of the same salt . It can be also observed in Figure that after proper normalization, the 1539 cm −1 maxima intensities in case of 40 phr ZnSt mixed specimen is relatively stronger compared to the remaining specimens containing lower or no amount of ZnSt, while the peak intensities of XNBR‐5 ZnO‐20 ZnSt and XNBR‐5 ZnO‐20 stearic acid at this particular wave number are nearly identical.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Phase changing stearate ions as active fillers in multifunctional carboxylated acrylonitrile–butadiene composite: Exploring the role of zinc stearate

Basu

Agasty

Das

et al. 2019

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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A suitable polar additive-like zinc stearate (ZnSt) was incorporated in varied amounts to the mixture of carboxylated acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber and zinc oxide in the pursuit to introduce smart traits in the composites. Zinc stearate is not reported to effectively crosslink carboxylated nitrile rubber as compared to ZnO but, by the virtue of its strong crystalline nature (solid particles), it enhances the mechanical properties like stress-strain, tear strength, hardness, and so forth of the rubber composites. Moreover, due to the melting nature of the ZnSt at a relatively higher temperature, an alteration of the mechanical behavior of the composite is observed. In addition to the mechanical adaptability, the sample is also found to offer shape memory properties. Initially, the specimens were deformed above the melting temperature (T m ) of ZnSt ($121 C) to create a temporary shape, and then they were fixed into that shape by quenching the material to a temperature much below T m , keeping the stress constant. The permanent form was recovered when the specimens were reheated above T m without applying any stress. The efficiency of shape fixing was used as the determinant of the shape memory behavior, and up to 90% efficiencies were achieved.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 67%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Phase changing stearate ions as active fillers in multifunctional carboxylated acrylonitrile–butadiene composite: Exploring the role of zinc stearate

Basu

Agasty

Das

et al. 2019

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…The likely concentrations of the zinc stearate moieties were analyzed from the bulk to the surface of the nonirradiated compound and pre‐irradiated samples at two different D −1 s: 58 and 70 kGy. The bands belonging to zinc stearate at 1538 and 1395 cm −1 were related to asymmetric and symmetric COO stretching . The band of CC double bonds on the NRCs at 836 cm −1 was considered a good indicator for monitoring the relative contribution of zinc stearate on the surface systems .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is accepted that zinc stearate moieties can be produced during the compounding of the rubber, depending on the mixing conditions, and can also be formed in the early stages of the crosslinking process. The migration of low‐molecular‐weight zinc stearate from the bulk to the surface could be enhanced by electron‐beam irradiation during the pre‐irradiation treatment.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of electron‐beam irradiation on the thermal vulcanization of a natural rubber compound

Espósito¹,

Marzocca

2018

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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The influence of electron‐beam irradiation on the thermal vulcanization curing kinetics of a natural rubber compound was investigated by means of rheometric tests [moving die rheometry (MDR)] and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Differences in the storage moduli of compounds with different radiation doses were observed and assigned to a plasticizer effect by the zinc stearate mainly formed in the mixing stages; this compound migrated to the interphase region. This fact was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. From the measurements performed by MDR and DSC testing, the induction time (to) was analyzed in the frame of the Claxton–Liska model, whereas the kinetic behavior of the nonirradiated and pre‐irradiated compounds were satisfactorily fitted with the Isayev–Deng and Kamal–Ryan models. Additionally, both curing characterization techniques corroborated the fact that the pre‐irradiated rubber compound showed an earlier t o and a lower activation energy in comparison with the nonirradiated compound. These facts were attributed to the effect of irradiation on the free sulfur content present in the rubber compound, which promoted more activated precursor species to crosslink with rubber. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47216.

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Investigation on the blooming behavior of additives in nitrile butadiene rubber at elevated temperature

Wang,

Xia,

2024

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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The degradation of rubber performance in service environments is closely associated with the blooming behavior of additives in the rubber. This study investigates surface precipitates and changes in tensile properties of nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) after storage at 85°C in air. The morphology, elemental composition, phase composition, and functional groups of the precipitates were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersion spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Based on the morphology of internal rubber particles and precipitates and variations in the Zn/C mass ratio (ERZn), the reaction between zinc oxide and stearic acid in rubber under long‐term thermal environment was determined. Four stages of blooming for the mixture of zinc oxide and zinc stearate were inferred, and the impact of the blooming on the degradation of tensile properties of NBR was established. A dramatic decrease in the elongation at break (δk) of NBR was correlated with the blooming of zinc stearate and its correspondingly weakened plasticizing effect.Highlights The core‐shell structured mixture of ZnO and Zn(St)2 bloomed onto the surface of nitrile butadiene rubber. The ratio of mass percentages of Zn to C evaluated the blooming process of additives. The migration and blooming process of precipitates were divided into four stages. The decrease in elongation of the rubber was attributed to the blooming of Zn(St)2.

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Confocal Raman imaging, FTIR spectroscopy and kinetic modelling of the zinc oxide/stearic acid reaction in a vulcanizing rubber

Cited by 22 publications

References 15 publications

Phase changing stearate ions as active fillers in multifunctional carboxylated acrylonitrile–butadiene composite: Exploring the role of zinc stearate

Phase changing stearate ions as active fillers in multifunctional carboxylated acrylonitrile–butadiene composite: Exploring the role of zinc stearate

Effect of electron‐beam irradiation on the thermal vulcanization of a natural rubber compound

Investigation on the blooming behavior of additives in nitrile butadiene rubber at elevated temperature

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