Confocal microscope analysis of depth of etch between self-limiting and traditional etchant systems

Wilson, Sara M.; Lien, Wen; Lee, David P.; Dunn, William J.

doi:10.2319/120816-880.1

Cited by 12 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…To examine the enamel surfaces after treatment with the control and the experimental etchant paste, characterisation of the resulting surfaces by different techniques is essential; hence flat enamel specimens were used to enable CLSM and Raman spectroscopy analyses. The CLSM can provide evidence about the enamel etching effects induced by acids and the enamel remineralisation potential with remineralising agents depending on the degree of image fluorescence, which increases with the greater loss of organic matrix and exposure of enamel prisms 8,38 . This is achieved through the use of fluorescent dyes (e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The tooth enamel surface is known for its low-energy and hydrophobic properties, with its outermost layer being rich in fluoride. Enamel etching with phosphoric acid (PA) removes the fluoride-rich layer, dissolves enamel mineral, creates micro-pores, and renders a high-energy and hydrophilic enamel surface to permit wetting by an adhesive; yet at the expense of increased surface porosity, susceptibility to staining, caries, more remnant adhesive and enamel loss 6,8 . Alternative techniques to the conventional acid-etching have been sought to decrease the adhesive remnants and enamel damage such as the use of self-etch adhesives and laser application, which result in acceptable bond strengths 9,10 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Novel Etchant System for Orthodontic Bracket Bonding

Ibrahim

Thompson

Deb

2019

Sci Rep

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Orthodontic treatment is widely used to correct irregular teeth and/or jaw discrepancies to improve oral function and facial aesthetics. However, it is frequently associated with enamel damage that include chipping, demineralisation, and white spot formation. So far, current bonding systems that can maintain shear bond strengths (SBS) suitable for clinical performance are unable to limit enamel demineralisation, adhesive remnants and damage caused on removal of brackets after treatment. This study reports a novel “safe enamel etch” clinically viable procedure that was accomplished via application of novel etchant pastes developed with β-tricalcium phosphate and monocalcium phosphate monohydrate powders mixed with citric acid (5 M) or phosphoric acid (37% PA) to yield BCA and BPA etchants respectively. Although enamel etched with clinically used PA gel yielded higher SBS than the BCA/BPA etchants, it exhibited greater adhesive remnants with evidence of enamel damage. In contrast, the experimental etchants resulted in unblemished enamel surfaces with zero or minimal adhesive residue and clinically acceptable SBS. Furthermore, the BPA etchant caused lower enamel decalcification with extensive calcium-phosphate precipitation. The study conclusively showed that BPA facilitated in vitro enamel adhesion without detrimental effects of the aggressive PA gel with potential for remineralisation and saving time at the post-debonding step.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Etchant System for Orthodontic Bracket Bonding

Ibrahim

Thompson

Deb

2019

Sci Rep

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“…6 Moreover, the introduction of surface cracks could lead to fracture propagation deeper in the ceramic material and not only debonding, but also chipping and possibly restoration failure and the need for replacement. Akpinar et al also showed shear bond strength levels that were not adequate for clinical application when using a Nd:YAG laser at 4 W. 5 However, both findings are based on visual observations of SEM images, so that further studies investigating surface roughness using confocal microscope analysis of depth 22 and bond strength should be conducted before conclusions can be drawn.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scanning electron microscope comparative surface evaluation of glazed-lithium disilicate ceramics under different irradiation settings of Nd:YAG and Er:YAG lasers

Viskić

Jokić

Jakovljević

et al. 2017

The Angle Orthodontist

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“…In this study, the etch-pattern attained following treatment with a SEP was examined using the confocal laser scanning microscopy with a fluorescent dye technique for the first time. The CLSM can provide evidence about the enamel etching effects induced by acids depending on the degree of image fluorescence, which increases with the greater loss of organic matrix and exposure of enamel prisms (26). This is achieved through the use of fluorescent dyes which promote certain emission wavelengths when they are excited by laser with specific wavelengths, hence can be traced at their locations in a material and/or tissue at dilute concentrations (17).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro bond strengths post thermal and fatigue load cycling of sapphire brackets bonded with self-etch primer and evaluation of enamel damage

Ibrahim¹,

Al-Hasani²,

Thompson³

et al. 2020

J Clin Exp Dent

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Background: This in vitro study compares a self-etch primer (SEP) to an etch-and-rinse (EaR) for bonding sapphire brackets by evaluation of the enamel etch-pattern, shear bond strength, amount of remnant adhesive and enamel surface damage following thermal and fatigue cyclic loading. Material and Methods: Ceramic (sapphire) brackets were bonded to 80 extracted human premolars using two enamel etching protocols: conventional EaR using 37% phosphoric acid (PA) gel (control), and a SEP (Transbond Plus). Each group was subdivided into two subgroups (n=20 teeth) according to the time of bracket debonding: after 24 h water storage or following 5000 thermo-cycles plus 5000 cycles fatigue loading, to determine the shear bond strength (SBS), adhesive remnant index (ARI score), with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) evaluation of enamel condition. Results: The control subgroups consistently exhibited significantly higher (p ˂ 0.05) SBS mean values (23.4-29.8 MPa) than the SEP subgroups (15.1-22.4 MPa) at both bracket debonding time points. However, the SEP subgroups yielded milder etch-patterns and attained SBS values above the minimum requirement range for clinical performance. In addition, the higher SBS of control subgroups was accompanied with higher ARI scores and enamel damage grades than SEP subgroups as confirmed by SEM. Thermocycling and fatigue significantly reduced the SBS of all subgroups, with a non-significant drop in the amount of adhesive residue or enamel damage. Conclusions: The use of SEP can be a suitable alternative to the conventional PA gel for sapphire bracket bonding as it maintains suitable bond strength and has the potential to produce both less remnant adhesive and enamel damage.

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Confocal microscope analysis of depth of etch between self-limiting and traditional etchant systems

Cited by 12 publications

References 10 publications

A Novel Etchant System for Orthodontic Bracket Bonding

A Novel Etchant System for Orthodontic Bracket Bonding

Scanning electron microscope comparative surface evaluation of glazed-lithium disilicate ceramics under different irradiation settings of Nd:YAG and Er:YAG lasers

In vitro bond strengths post thermal and fatigue load cycling of sapphire brackets bonded with self-etch primer and evaluation of enamel damage

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