Confocal fluorescence and Raman microscopy in industrial research

Schrof, Wolfgang; Klingler, J.; Heckmann, W.; Horn, D.

doi:10.1007/s003960050284

Cited by 21 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…It has been demonstrated [3][4][5][6], that confocal Raman microspectroscopy can be used to characterize these films with respect to the number of modified groups as a function of depth. The technique has furthermore been shown to be a powerful tool for studying coatings [7,8], morphological changes in polymer films [9] and polymer-polymer interphases [10] and to be of interest in industrial research [11]. In the experiment the exciting laser spot is focused first on the film surface and then, in steps of 1 or 2 µm on fictitious planes inside the film recording a spectrum at each step.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correction of diffraction effects in confocal Raman microspectroscopy

Gallardo¹,

Navarro²,

Reinecke³

et al. 2006

Opt. Express

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A mathematical approach developed to correct depth profiles of wet-chemically modified polymer films obtained by confocal Raman microscopy is presented which takes into account scattered contributions originated from a diffraction-limited laser focal volume. It is demonstrated that the problem can be described using a linear Fredholm integral equation of the first kind which correlates apparent and true Raman intensities with the depth resolution curve of the instrument.The calculations of the corrected depth profiles show that considerable differences between apparent and corrected depth profiles exist at the surface, especially when profiles with strong concentration gradients are dealt with or an instrument with poor depth resolution is used. Degrees of modification at the surface obtained by calculation of the corrected depth profiles are compared with those measured by FTIR-ATR and show an excellent concordance.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correction of diffraction effects in confocal Raman microspectroscopy

Gallardo¹,

Navarro²,

Reinecke³

et al. 2006

Opt. Express

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“…Surprisingly only few reports about the application of confocal microscopy to materials science problems are found in the literature. [3][4][5][6] The annual international conference on 3-dimensional microscopy (cf., for example, list of participants in ref. [7] ) is still dominated by scientists investigating biological samples and by only a small group of materials science participants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Confocal Microscopy: Applications in Materials Science

Hoheisel¹,

Jacobsen

Lüttge

et al. 2001

Macromol. Mater. Eng.

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Confocal microscopy is increasingly becoming recognized as a valuable analytical tool in material science although long established in life sciences. It is shown that this technique can be employed successfully in investigating polymers, coatings, emulsions, etc. Using the scattered light not only for imaging but also for analysis in a Raman spectrometer chemical information from an exactly defined volume smaller than 1 μm3 within the sample can be achieved.

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“…Both infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopy can be used in the microscopic mode. Spatial resolution is at best 2 mm for Raman 7,8 and from 5 to 15 mm for IR, depending on the range of useful wavelengths. 9 Moreover, in situ collection of Raman spectra can be achieved in real time by utilizing a ber-optic probe.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Raman Spectroscopy and DSC Determination of Conversion in DDS-Cured Epoxy Resin: Application to Epoxy-Copolyethersulfone Blends

et al. 2001

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Methods have been developed to determine by Raman spectroscopy the epoxide conversion in a 4,4'-diaminodiphenylsulfone (DDS)-cured epoxy resin as well as in blends of this resin with copolyethersulfone thermoplastic. The proposed spectral treatments consisted of a peak ratio method and of multivariate analysis. The Raman data were first successfully calibrated on the basis of neat resin samples with the use of the values of epoxide conversions provided by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements. The use of DSC as a reference technique is discussed. In order to be applied to blends of the same epoxy resin and reactive copolyethersulfone, the calibrations were based on spectral data that would not be influenced by the presence of this thermoplastic. The blend samples were homogeneous at the scale of the Raman laser focusing. The epoxide conversions deduced from the Raman and the DSC results were compared for these blends. Limitations associated with both techniques are discussed.

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Confocal fluorescence and Raman microscopy in industrial research

Cited by 21 publications

References 10 publications

Correction of diffraction effects in confocal Raman microspectroscopy

Correction of diffraction effects in confocal Raman microspectroscopy

Confocal Microscopy: Applications in Materials Science

Raman Spectroscopy and DSC Determination of Conversion in DDS-Cured Epoxy Resin: Application to Epoxy-Copolyethersulfone Blends

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