Confocal Endomicroscopy: Instrumentation and Medical Applications

Jabbour, Joey M.; Saldua, Meagan; Bixler, Joel N.; Maitland, Kristen C.

doi:10.1007/s10439-011-0426-y

Cited by 149 publications

(127 citation statements)

References 131 publications

(171 reference statements)

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“…Fluorescence endomicroscopy provides high resolution images of tissue in vivo via flexible probes 41,42 and is one of the most widely used and clinically validated optical biopsy techniques (FIG. 3).…”

Section: Biomarkers For Eedmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The potential role of optical biopsy in the study and diagnosis of environmental enteric dysfunction

Thompson

Hughes

Anastasova

et al. 2017

Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol

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| Environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) is a disease of the small intestine affecting children and adults in low and middle income countries. Arising as a consequence of repeated infections, gut inflammation results in impaired intestinal absorptive and barrier function, leading to poor nutrient uptake and ultimately to stunting and other developmental limitations. Progress towards new biomarkers and interventions for EED is hampered by the practical and ethical difficulties of cross-validation with the gold standard of biopsy and histology. Optical biopsy techniques -which can provide minimally invasive or noninvasive alternatives to biopsy -could offer other routes to validation and could potentially be used as point-of-care tests among the general population. This Consensus Statement identifies and reviews the most promising candidate optical biopsy technologies for applications in EED, critically assesses them against criteria identified for successful deployment in developing world settings, and proposes further lines of enquiry. Importantly, many of the techniques discussed could also be adapted to monitor the impaired intestinal barrier in other settings such as IBD, autoimmune enteropathies, coeliac disease, graft-versus-host disease, small intestinal transplantation or critical care. Members of the board and experts met to discuss the horizon scan in London, UK, in November 2015 and San Francisco, USA, in February 2016. Literature searches were performed using Web of Science, as well as through the advice of the advisory board and experts. The results of the horizon scan are presented in this Consensus Statement, which entails a review of EED, a discussion of technologies deemed relevant to EED (based on literature searches and the opinions of the advisory board and experts), and a series of recommendations for the future application of the rele vant technologies to the study and diagnosis of EED. In the Recommendations section, each technology has been assessed according to its suitability for application to EED and this assessment includes an evaluation of the cost, invasiveness and appropriateness for developing countries of each device and/or technique. This assessment was performed in a qualitative manner based on currently available information (for example, the present cost and size of the devices) and the opinions of the authors as to feasible future develop ment. Technique suitability for use in developing countries was determined in a qualitative manner after consideration of the need for advanced infrastructure and high levels of training for either system use or data analysis. Probable deployment time scales have also been assigned to each technique based on the current states of development and the degree of valid ation work that will be required before application to EED. These timescales have been tentatively defined as short-term (suitable for deployment immediately or within ~1 year), mediumterm (suit able for deployment within ~1-3 years) and long-term (suitable for deployme...

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Section: Biomarkers For Eedmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most clinical studies use optically-sectioning 'confocal' endomicroscopy, whereby a focused laser spot is scanned across the tissue and an image is built up point-by-point. Focusing the collected light through a pinhole before the detector results in rejection of out-of-focus light and a high contrast image 41 .…”

Section: Biomarkers For Eedmentioning

confidence: 99%

The potential role of optical biopsy in the study and diagnosis of environmental enteric dysfunction

Thompson

Hughes

Anastasova

et al. 2017

Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol

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“…The existing confocal fiber endoscopes can be divided into two categories: fiber bundle systems and distal scanning systems [3,4].…”

Section: Fiber-based Confocal Endoscopesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Digital confocal microscopy through a multimode fiber

Loterie¹,

Farahi²,

Papadopoulos³

et al. 2015

Opt. Express

147

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Acquiring high-contrast optical images deep inside biological tissues is still a challenging problem. Confocal microscopy is an important tool for biomedical imaging since it improves image quality by rejecting background signals. However, it suffers from low sensitivity in deep tissues due to light scattering. Recently, multimode fibers have provided a new paradigm for minimally invasive endoscopic imaging by controlling light propagation through them. Here we introduce a combined imaging technique where confocal images are acquired through a multimode fiber. We achieve this by digitally engineering the excitation wavefront and then applying a virtual digital pinhole on the collected signal. In this way, we are able to acquire images through the fiber with significantly increased contrast. With a fiber of numerical aperture 0.22, we achieve a lateral resolution of 1.5µm, and an axial resolution of 12.7µm. The point-scanning rate is currently limited by our spatial light modulator (20Hz). wide-field endoscopic imaging by using a single multimode optical fiber," Phys.

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“…Endoscopic microscopes often make use of coherent fibre imaging bundles, containing tens of thousands of fibre cores, to relay images from the tissue to an external imaging system as they are flexible, submillimetre in diameter and robust enough for medical use 1 . However, while bundles can be passed through the working channel of an endoscope for surface imaging, their diameter is relatively large for mounting inside a needle, which would be necessary to acquire images from beneath the tissue surface.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards an ultra-thin medical endoscope: multimode fibre as a wide-field image transferring medium

Ďuriš

Bradu

Podoleanu

et al. 2018

2nd Canterbury Conference on OCT With Emphasis on Broadband Optical Sources

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Michael (2018) Towards an ultra-thin medical endoscope: multimode fibre as a wide-field image transferring medium.In ABSTRACTMultimode optical fibres are attractive for biomedical and industrial applications such as endoscopes because of the small cross section and imaging resolution they can provide in comparison to widely-used fibre bundles. However, the image is randomly scrambled by propagation through a multimode fibre. Even though the scrambling is unpredictable, it is deterministic, and therefore the scrambling can be reversed. To unscramble the image, we treat the multimode fibre as a linear, disordered scattering medium. To calibrate, we scan a focused beam of coherent light over thousands of different beam positions at the distal end and record complex fields at the proximal end of the fibre. This way, the inputoutput response of the system is determined, which then allows computational reconstruction of reflection-mode images. However, there remains the problem of illuminating the tissue via the fibre while avoiding back reflections from the proximal face. To avoid this drawback, we provide here the first preliminary confirmation that an image can be transferred through a 2x2 fibre coupler, with the sample at its distal port interrogated in reflection. Light is injected into one port for illumination and then collected from a second port for imaging.

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Confocal Endomicroscopy: Instrumentation and Medical Applications

Cited by 149 publications

References 131 publications

The potential role of optical biopsy in the study and diagnosis of environmental enteric dysfunction

The potential role of optical biopsy in the study and diagnosis of environmental enteric dysfunction

Digital confocal microscopy through a multimode fiber

Towards an ultra-thin medical endoscope: multimode fibre as a wide-field image transferring medium

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