Conflicts of human with the Tibetan brown bear (Ursus arctos pruinosus) in the Sanjiangyuan region, China

Dai, Yunchuan; Hacker, Charlotte E.; Zhang, Yuguang; Li, Ye; Li, Jia; Xue, Yadong; Li, Diqiang

doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01039

Cited by 19 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…There had not been any cases of attacks on humans by Brown Bear in Himachal Pradesh (Rathore 2008); however, during the 2001-03 survey, first-hand accounts of Brown Bear attack on humans (in 2001) was recorded from a villager in Abran Village (Zanskar Valley;Sathyakumar 2003). In Sanjiangyuan of the Tibetan Plateau, the Tibetan Brown Bears Ursus arctos pruinosus were estimated to damage properties more significantly than livestock depredation (Dai et al 2020). Whereas, in our findings there is a comparatively more loss (almost 132 heads of livestock annually) of livestock in Kargil.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 59%

“…The surveyed localities include most of the villages along the main Kargil-Padum motor road and in the side valleys of Sanku, Umba, Rangdum, and Padum that are representative of the Zanskar and Suru valleys. We repeated these surveys in the same Informal semi-structured interviews (Sathyakumar 2001;Maheshwari et al 2014;Dai et al 2020) were used to collect information on livestock holdings and livestock depredations from the villagers.…”

Section: Characterization Of Human-bear Interaction: (A) Semistructured Interviewsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the Himalayan landscapes, local communities generate their livelihoods largely through nomadic pastoralism, horticulture, subsistence farming, and eco-tourism activities (Jaypal 2000; Maheshwari et al 2010;Maheshwari 2018;Maheshwari & Sathyakumar 2019; however, due to increase in livestock densities and consequent expansion of pastoralism into new areas that were historically natural and undisturbed habitats, domestic species (e.g., cattle such as cow, yak Bos grunniens, dzo-dzomo (yak-cow hybrids), sheep Ovis aries, goat Capra aegagrus and equids) are more vulnerable to predation by Himalayan Brown Bear, which may lead to retaliatory killing by local communities (Karimov et al 2018;Maheshwari 2018;Dai et al 2020). In India, Brown Bears are threatened due to poaching for bear parts and retaliatory killings to reduce livestock depredation (Sathyakumar 2001(Sathyakumar , 2006 and has significantly contributed to the local declines of the populations of Brown Bear and other large carnivores such as Snow Leopard Panthera uncia and Wolf Canis lupus in the Himalayan region (Jackson et al 2001;Spearing 2002;Maheshwari et al 2010;Can et al 2014;Maheshwari 2016;Maheshwari 2018;Maheshwari & Sathyakumar 2019Dai et al 2020). Sound scientific research is necessary for making management decisions related to Brown Bears and for sustainable management of their populations (Servheen 1990;Sharief et al 2020); however, there has not yet been detailed field research on the Himalayan Brown Bears in Ladakh.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of changes over a decade in the patterns of livestock depredation by the Himalayan Brown Bear in Ladakh, India

Maheshwari¹,

Kumar²,

Sathyakumar³

2021

J. Threat. Taxa

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Conflicts between large carnivores and shepherds constitute a major socio-ecological concern across the Himalaya and affects community attitudes and tolerance toward carnivores. We assessed the extent and intensity of Human-Brown Bear interactions in the same villages of Zanskar and Suru Valleys, Ladakh, in the Indian Trans-Himalaya during two time periods (2001–2003 and 2009–2012) through field and questionnaire surveys. During 2001–2003, 180 families of 32 villages in Zanskar, and 232 families of 49 villages in Suru were interviewed, and during 2009–2012, 145 families of 23 villages in Zanskar and 115 families of 33 villages in Suru were interviewed. Overall, 475 (119/year) and 454 (151/year) heads of livestock were reportedly killed by Brown Bears. The surveys of 2009–2012 revealed that livestock predation in ‘doksas’ (summer grazing camps) was higher (68 %) compared to the surveys carried out during 2001–2003 (42 %). The increased livestock depredation in doksas might be due to the extended stay and use of pastures by the local communities during spring and autumn. Damage to property in the form of breaking open of doors and windows by Brown Bear were reported during both the surveys. Economic losses and declining tolerance of people may trigger retaliatory killings of Brown Bear in Ladakh. We recommend compensation for livestock loss and improved husbandry practices in the conflict zones for bear-human coexistence.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 59%

Section: Characterization Of Human-bear Interaction: (A) Semistructured Interviewsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of changes over a decade in the patterns of livestock depredation by the Himalayan Brown Bear in Ladakh, India

Maheshwari¹,

Kumar²,

Sathyakumar³

2021

J. Threat. Taxa

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“…Our investigation joins the effort of understanding how nature conservation and the broader social change affect human-animal-landscape relations (Dai et al 2020). In the above study, afforestation programs in ecologically important regions since the 2000s, and land abandonment in remote valleys, have spared much habitat and food sources for macaques.…”

Section: Attributions Of Antagonist Agency To Animalsmentioning

confidence: 91%

Guarding crops from monkey troops: farmer-monkey interaction near a nature reserve in Guangxi, China

Wen-xiu

Essen

2020

Environmental Sociology

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Crop damage by wildlife can cause significant economic loss and non-human primates can be nuisances to farmers following their ingenuity in crop-raiding strategies. There is an emerging research interest on interspecies interaction in human-wildlife conflicts, following the growing field of merging human-animal barrier, at least analytically. We collected qualitative data from two villages experiencing macaque crop damage near a national nature reserve in Guangxi, China, to understand how humans and macaques interact in a crop damage scenario and how the interaction evolves in time. We find the mutually interactive processes taken place between farmers and monkeys as they try to learn and adjust to the counterparts' daily activities and raiding/guarding strategies. Their interaction is also mediated by materiality: the crops, the topography of the landscapes and managerial tools. In recent years, socioecological changes such as afforestation, hunting bans and out migration have enabled macaques to grow their population and more boldly pursue for their preference of crops. Our finding reveals the role of non-human animal agency, conservation, and other social processes in shaping human-wildlife relations, as well as the potential of using more-than-human perspective and ethnographic methods in understanding human-wildlife relations. It further implies the need of enhancing farmers' knowing and adjustment, as well as encouraging human-wildlife cohabitation.

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“…The concept of EC is ordinarily used in China, which corresponds to the popular term of payment for ecosystem services (PES) among the international society [9]. It is one of the effective methods to coordinate the contradictory relationship between economic development and environmental protection [10]. To be specific, EC can transform ecological products and ecosystem services with non-marketability and externality into an economic stimulus to increase the environmental protectors' commitment, enhance ecosystem services and compensate for the losses of stakeholders [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A County-Scale Spillover Ecological Value Compensation Standard of Ecological Barrier Area in China: Based on an Extended Emergy Analysis

Zhang

et al. 2021

Agriculture

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Ecological compensation (EC) is an important way to solve the imbalance of cross-regional economic development and realize regional coordinated development. How to quantify the standard of EC has become a hot research topic. Firstly, this paper selected the Three Gorges Reservoir Region (TGRR) as the study area, and constructed a cross-regional spillover ecological value measurement model based on the extended emergy analysis. From the perspective of the “ecology–economy–society” complex ecosystem, this paper used emergy to reflect the social, economic, and ecological function and service value of the TGRR, and estimated the ecosystem emergy supply and consumption in the TGRR. Then, comparing the watershed ecosystem emergy supply and consumption, we can judge the status of the ecological surplus and deficit of the TGRR, and transfer the spillover ecological emergy to spillover ecological value (SEV) by using the emergy currency ratio (ECR). Finally, combined with different actual payment level coefficient, we can obtain a relatively objective and robust compensation standard. The results show that the SEV of the TGRR in 2016 is 2.70 × 1011 USD, which indicates that the TGRR is in the state of ecological surplus. The TGRR should get EC about 2.85 × 1011 USD according to the ECR. Based on the research results, it is suggested to expand the transfer payment to the TGRR. At the same time, it is suggested to formulate different ecological compensation standard (ECS) according to regional differences, which has important practical significance to establish the allocation standard of EC, and provides a typical case basis for other large reservoir areas or typical reservoir areas.

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Conflicts of human with the Tibetan brown bear (Ursus arctos pruinosus) in the Sanjiangyuan region, China

Cited by 19 publications

References 56 publications

Assessment of changes over a decade in the patterns of livestock depredation by the Himalayan Brown Bear in Ladakh, India

Assessment of changes over a decade in the patterns of livestock depredation by the Himalayan Brown Bear in Ladakh, India

Guarding crops from monkey troops: farmer-monkey interaction near a nature reserve in Guangxi, China

A County-Scale Spillover Ecological Value Compensation Standard of Ecological Barrier Area in China: Based on an Extended Emergy Analysis

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