Conflicting selection on<i>Cneorum tricoccon</i>(Rutaceae) seed size caused by native and alien seed dispersers

Traveset, Anna; Escribano-Ávila, Gema; Gómez, José M.; Valido, Alfredo

doi:10.1111/evo.13852

Cited by 20 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…Similar patterns are found in another kind of natural experiment, in a system in which native frugivorous lizards exert negative directional selection on seed diameter (i.e. selecting for smaller seeds), while invading martens exert positive directional selection, thus driving an increase in seed size (Traveset, Escribano‐Avila, Gómez, & Valido, 2019). This is possibly a unique demonstration of the substrate on which seed dispersal syndromes have evolved multiple times: disruptive selection on a filtering trait‐like size was followed by directional selection on other traits that match the relevant disperser.…”

Section: Evidence For Frugivore–fruit Coevolutionsupporting

confidence: 73%

The dispersal syndrome hypothesis: How animals shaped fruit traits, and how they did not

Valenta

Nevo

2020

Functional Ecology

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1. Fleshy fruits have evolved multiple times and display a tremendous diversity of colours, shapes, aromas and textures. For over a century this was attributed, at least in part, to frugivore-driven selection. The dispersal syndrome hypothesis posits that fruits and frugivores co-evolved, each exerting sufficient selective pressure on one another, and resulting to in suites of fruit traits that match frugivore behaviour, morphology and sensory capacities.2. In the last two decades of the past century, the dispersal syndrome hypothesis has been deemed overly adaptationist. Challenges are based on a variety of arguments, primarily that previous studies did not sufficiently incorporate a phylogenetic framework, and that non-adaptive factors can explain a great deal of extant fruit trait variation.3. In recent years, many studies have addressed these issues and found support for the dispersal syndrome hypothesis. As empirical evidence mounts, it's become increasingly clear that many fruit traits-primarily size, colour and scent-are strongly affected by frugivore trait preference. 4. At the same time, many studies do not sufficiently consider the many confounding factors involved in fruit trait evolution. 5. We review the evidence supporting the dispersal syndrome hypothesis and highlight the existing gaps in knowledge and the factors that are currently still not fully incorporated into the study of the evolution of fruit traits. K E Y W O R D S dispersal syndrome hypothesis, frugivory, fruit syndrome hypothesis, mutualism, plant-animal co-evolution, seed dispersal | 1159 Functional Ecology VALENTA ANd NEVO S U PP O RTI N G I N FO R M ATI O N Additional supporting information may be found online in the Supporting Information section.

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Section: Evidence For Frugivore–fruit Coevolutionsupporting

confidence: 73%

The dispersal syndrome hypothesis: How animals shaped fruit traits, and how they did not

Valenta

Nevo

2020

Functional Ecology

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“…Our study showed that fruit diameter correlated positively with the number or the mean mass of seeds in eight of the nine studied plant species. This suggests that a positive relationship between fruit diameter and seed traits is common in fleshyfruited plants, in line with the findings of many single-species studies (e.g., Herrera, 1988;Sallabanks, 1993;Herrera et al, 1994;Jordano, 1995b;Alcántara and Rey, 2003;Hernández, 2009;Rodríguez-Pérez and Traveset, 2010;González-Castro et al, 2019;Traveset et al, 2019;Carvalho et al, 2021). Potential mismatches between gapes and fruits can, therefore, decrease the mass and the number of dispersed seeds in small-gaped dispersers, as this was shown for four of the nine studied plant species.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…The positive correlation between fruit size and seed size (Alcántara and Rey, 2003) also explains the smaller seeds dispersed by S. atricapilla than by large-gaped T. philomelos (González-Varo et al, 2014). For the spurge olive Cneuorum tricoccon, larger seeds were found in the scat of M. martes than in that of small-gaped lizards (Traveset et al, 2019). Even in aggregated fruits such as Rubus spp., avian frugivores may select for seeds of different sizes by selecting fruits of different sizes (e.g., Jordano, 1984b).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Within-Species Trait Variation Can Lead to Size Limitations in Seed Dispersal of Small-Fruited Plants

et al. 2021

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The inability of small-gaped animals to consume very large fruits may limit seed dispersal of the respective plants. This has often been shown for large-fruited plant species that remain poorly dispersed when large-gaped animal species are lost due to anthropogenic pressure. Little is known about whether gape-size limitations similarly influence seed dispersal of small-fruited plant species that can show a large variation in fruit size within species. In this study, fruit sizes of 15 plant species were compared with the gape sizes of their 41 animal dispersers in the temperate, old-growth Białowieża Forest, Poland. The effect of gape-size limitations on fruit consumption was assessed at the plant species level, and for a subset of nine plant species, also at the individual level, and subindividual level (i.e., fruits of the same plant individual). In addition, for the species subset, fruit-seed trait relationships were investigated to determine whether a restricted access of small-gaped animals to large fruits results in the dispersal of fewer or smaller seeds per fruit. Fruit sizes widely varied among plant species (74.2%), considerably at the subindividual level (17.1%), and to the smallest extent among plant individuals (8.7%). Key disperser species should be able to consume fruits of all plant species and all individuals (except those of the largest-fruited plant species), even if they are able to consume only 28-55% of available fruits. Fruit and seed traits were positively correlated in eight out of nine plant species, indicating that gape size limitations will result in 49% fewer (in one) or 16–21% smaller seeds (in three plant species) dispersed per fruit by small-gaped than by large-gaped main dispersers, respectively. Our results show that a large subindividual variation in fruit size is characteristic for small-fruited plant species, and increases their connectedness with frugivores at the level of plants species and individuals. Simultaneously, however, the large variation in fruit size leads to gape-size limitations that may induce selective pressures on fruit size if large-gaped dispersers become extinct. This study emphasizes the mechanisms by which gape-size limitation at the species, individual and subindividual level shape plant-frugivore interactions and the co-evolution of small-fruited plants.

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“…In addition, attacks on humans are possible, but rare, 13 when colonial nests are established in urban areas or when people get to close to the colonies without noting their presence in natural areas. In the particular case of Majorca, this invasion could be devastating, considering the situation of the populations of honeybees, the fragility of the ecosystem (typical of the island ecosystems) 14,15 and the impact on endemic insects 16 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Six years of controlling the invasive species Vespa velutina in a Mediterranean island: The promising results of an eradication plan

Leza

Herrera

Picó³

et al. 2021

Pest Management Science

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BACKGROUND The yellow‐legged hornet, Vespa velutina nigrithorax, is an invasive alien species (IAS) which was accidentally introduced in Europe from Asia. This social insect preys primarily on honeybees but also on other pollinators and insects. Consequently, the establishment of this pest has a negative impact on biodiversity, pollination and economy. There is no clear coordination and uniformed methods for eradication measures between countries. Here we present the first field study of the strategy of eradication of the pest species V. velutina that has been conducted in the westernmost Mediterranean archipelago. RESULTS We investigated the combination of different eradication methods, such as trapping; the use of the citizen science data for detection of presence, the active search of nests and the removal of nests using mechanical methods. The progression of the number of secondary nests found was 1 (2015), 9 (2016) and 20 (2017), with zero during 2018, 2019 and 2020, and just one embryo nest in 2018. More than half of the nests (58%) were detected thanks to citizen science data. The people sent us adult detections, and we started the triangulation method to find the nests. The last hornet found in the traps was in June 2018. CONCLUSION Early detections of the IAS are crucial to minimise their effects, and citizen science may offer an important source of information to determine the presence and distribution of V. velutina. The findings we present here indicate successful management for this globally significant pest and could contribute to advance the ‘science of eradication’. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry

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Conflicting selection onCneorum tricoccon(Rutaceae) seed size caused by native and alien seed dispersers

Cited by 20 publications

References 73 publications

The dispersal syndrome hypothesis: How animals shaped fruit traits, and how they did not

The dispersal syndrome hypothesis: How animals shaped fruit traits, and how they did not

Within-Species Trait Variation Can Lead to Size Limitations in Seed Dispersal of Small-Fruited Plants

Six years of controlling the invasive species Vespa velutina in a Mediterranean island: The promising results of an eradication plan

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