Conflict on the Sex Chromosomes: Cause, Effect, and Complexity

Mank, Judith E.; Hosken, David J.; Wedell, Nina

doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a017715

Cited by 53 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 113 publications

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“…This difference between the neo-X and the neo-Y may be explained by meiotic sex chromosome inactivation (MSCI; gene silencing of sex chromosomes in the heterogametic sex during meiosis), which is believed to operate in many animals to prevent meiotic drivers from invading sex chromosomes that could be particularly fragile in the heterogametic sex18. Therefore, the degeneration of the neo-Y (but not much of the neo-X) might be initiated by gene silencing through MSCI19, although the connection between MSCI and the neo-Y silencing at the molecular level remains to be clarified. Note, however, that our annotation may have potentially overestimated the number of silenced pseudogenes as described above.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since the genes involved in sexual antagonism (that is, genes with female-benefit/male-detriment effects and genes with male-benefit/female-detriment effects) may also be affected by sex-biased transmission1930, we also examined the relationship between sexual antagonism and pseudogenization on the neo-X. As mentioned above, two-thirds of X chromosomes are transmitted through females, which may result in larger effects of X-linked genes in females than in males.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Accelerated pseudogenization on the neo-X chromosome in Drosophila miranda

et al. 2016

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Y chromosomes often degenerate via the accumulation of pseudogenes and transposable elements. By contrast, little is known about X-chromosome degeneration. Here we compare the pseudogenization process between genes on the neo-sex chromosomes in Drosophila miranda and their autosomal orthologues in closely related species. The pseudogenization rate on the neo-X is much lower than the rate on the neo-Y, but appears to be higher than the rate on the orthologous autosome in D. pseudoobscura. Genes under less functional constraint and/or genes with male-biased expression tend to become pseudogenes on the neo-X, indicating the accumulation of slightly deleterious mutations and the feminization of the neo-X. We also find a weak trend that the genes with female-benefit/male-detriment effects identified in D. melanogaster are pseudogenized on the neo-X, implying the masculinization of the neo-X. These observations suggest that both X and Y chromosomes can degenerate due to a complex suite of evolutionary forces.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accelerated pseudogenization on the neo-X chromosome in Drosophila miranda

et al. 2016

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“…In organisms with chromosomal-based sex determination, there is an inevitable asymmetry of passage of sex chromosomes through the sexes (see work by Mank et al 2014). In XX/female and XY/male systems, for example, X chromosomes are present more often in females than in males.…”

Section: Does Sexual Conflict Shape Sfp Evolution?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexual Conflict and Seminal Fluid Proteins: A Dynamic Landscape of Sexual Interactions

Sirot

Wong

Chapman

et al. 2014

Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol

144

221

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Sexual reproduction requires coordinated contributions from both sexes to proceed efficiently. However, the reproductive strategies that the sexes adopt often have the potential to give rise to sexual conflict because they can result in divergent, sex-specific costs and benefits. These conflicts can occur at many levels, from molecular to behavioral. Here, we consider sexual conflict mediated through the actions of seminal fluid proteins. These proteins provide many excellent examples in which to trace the operation of sexual conflict from molecules through to behavior. Seminal fluid proteins are made by males and provided to females during mating. As agents that can modulate egg production at several steps, as well as reproductive behavior, sperm “management,” and female feeding, activity, and longevity, the actions of seminal proteins are prime targets for sexual conflict. We review these actions in the context of sexual conflict. We discuss genomic signatures in seminal protein (and related) genes that are consistent with current or previous sexual conflict. Finally, we note promising areas for future study and highlight real-world practical situations that will benefit from understanding the nature of sexual conflicts mediated by seminal proteins.

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“…It has been proposed that sex ratio selection may be the major evolutionary force driving turnovers of sex determination systems (3,10,11). Sex ratio selection occurs to restore a balanced sex ratio (the usual evolutionarily stable strategy) in a population in which the sex ratio is biased toward one sex.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Birth of a W sex chromosome by horizontal transfer of Wolbachia bacterial symbiont genome

Leclercq

Thézé

Chebbi

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

113

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Sex determination is a fundamental developmental pathway governing male and female differentiation, with profound implications for morphology, reproductive strategies, and behavior. In animals, sex differences between males and females are generally determined by genetic factors carried by sex chromosomes. Sex chromosomes are remarkably variable in origin and can differ even between closely related species, indicating that transitions occur frequently and independently in different groups of organisms. The evolutionary causes underlying sex chromosome turnover are poorly understood, however. Here we provide evidence indicating that Wolbachia bacterial endosymbionts triggered the evolution of new sex chromosomes in the common pillbug Armadillidium vulgare. We identified a 3-Mb insert of a feminizing Wolbachia genome that was recently transferred into the pillbug nuclear genome. The Wolbachia insert shows perfect linkage to the female sex, occurs in a male genetic background (i.e., lacking the ancestral W female sex chromosome), and is hemizygous. Our results support the conclusion that the Wolbachia insert is now acting as a female sex-determining region in pillbugs, and that the chromosome carrying the insert is a new W sex chromosome. Thus, bacteria-to-animal horizontal genome transfer represents a remarkable mechanism underpinning the birth of sex chromosomes. We conclude that sex ratio distorters, such as Wolbachia endosymbionts, can be powerful agents of evolutionary transitions in sex determination systems in animals.sex chromosome | horizontal transfer | Wolbachia | endosymbiont | isopod crustacean

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Conflict on the Sex Chromosomes: Cause, Effect, and Complexity

Cited by 53 publications

References 113 publications

Accelerated pseudogenization on the neo-X chromosome in Drosophila miranda

Accelerated pseudogenization on the neo-X chromosome in Drosophila miranda

Sexual Conflict and Seminal Fluid Proteins: A Dynamic Landscape of Sexual Interactions

Birth of a W sex chromosome by horizontal transfer of Wolbachia bacterial symbiont genome

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