“…See also Figure S2. prediction error (PE)-like signaling (Hyman, Holroyd and Seamans, 2017), which serves to update ACC task representations, thereby adapting future behavior. This later PE-adaptation interpretation fits with our own prior work (Elston et al, 2018), as well as a significant body of work by others (e.g., Ellwood et al, 2017;Holroyd and Coles, 2008;Kroener et al, 2009;Ma et al, 2014;Narayanan et al, 2013;Ott and Nieder, 2017;Parker et al, 2014). However, future studies that causally manipulate the VTA dopaminergic projection to the ACC while simultaneously recording whole ensembles of ACC neurons will be necessary to test this hypothesis.…”